Extent of chemical reactions Flashcards
Concentration-time graph
a graph of concentration versus time used to represent equilibrium reactions
Dynamic equilibrium
the point in a reversible chemical reaction when the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction, and the concentrations of products and reactants are constant
Equilibrium reaction
reaction in which reactants and products are constantly being formed
Extent
the proportion of reactants that have been converted into products
Irreversible reaction
a reaction that can only proceed in one direction and cannot be reversed
Rate-time graph
a graph of rate of reaction versus time used to represent equilibrium reactions
Reversible reaction
a reaction that can proceed both forwards and backwards
Theoretical yield
the expected amount of product formed based on stoichiometric ratios and the mass of limiting reactant used
Yield
the mass of product obtained during a chemical reaction
Endothermic reaction
chemical reaction that absorbs energy (in the form of heat) from the surrounding environment
Equilibrium constant (K)
the value of the concentration fraction for a system at equilibrium
Equilibrium expression
K = [C]c[D]d / [A]a[B]b
Equilibrium law
the value of K is the ratio of the concentrations of the products to the concentrations of the reactants i.e. K = [products] / [reactants]
Exothermic reaction
chemical reaction accompanied by the release of energy (in the form of heat)
Reaction quotient (Q)
the value of the concentration fraction for a system that is not at equilibrium
Le Chatelier’s principle
when a system in dynamic equilibrium is subject to a change, the system will adjust itself to partially oppose the effect of the change
Position of equilibrium
the relative concentrations of reactants and products at equilibrium for a given chemical reaction
Compromise conditions
conditions that may not always give the greatest yield of product, but are the most economically viable when it comes to balancing factors like cost and rate of reaction
Decarbonisation
the process of reducing or eliminating carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions from industrial processes
Green hydrogen
hydrogen gas produced using renewable energy sources, such as wind or solar power, through electrolysis
Grey hydrogen
hydrogen gas produced through steam methane reforming (SMR), a process that involves reacting natural gas with steam to produce hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide as a by-product
Side reaction
a reaction that occurs at the same time as the main reaction, leading to the formation of side products and a lower yield of the main product
