Housing

Question 1

Public Health Movement

Answer 1

Rose to prominence in the second half of the 1800s. In 1855, the first model tenement was built in NYC. In the next decade, NY passed the Tenement House Act of 1867, the first major housing code in the US. The act required all rooms within tenements to have windows, but it did not require windows to open to the outside

Question 2

The Tenement Act of 1879

Answer 2

was passed to address the shortocmings of the 1867 act. The 1879 act required that windows open to outside air, which resulted in the dumbbell tenement housing type with open air shafts. this form of housing, referred to as “old law tenements”, was built throughout NYC starting in 1879, but often had poor lighting, little air, and little space.

Question 3

Jacob Riis

Answer 3

published “How the Other Half Lives”, which highlighted the plight of the poor in New York City.

Question 4

Tenement House Law of 1901

Answer 4

(Resulting in New law tenements). Outlawed the dumbbell tenements. The new housing code was vigorously enforced by the city, which required inspection and permits for construction and alterations in addition to wide light and air areas between buildings and toilets and running water in each apartment unit.

Question 5

Clarence Perry

Answer 5

in 1929, Clarence Perry published the Neighborhood Unit Concept as part of the Regional Plan of New York and its Environs. The Neighborhood Unit Concept defines a neighborhood based on a five-minute walking radius, with a school at its center, Each neighborhood is approxiately 160 acres.

Question 6

The Public Works Administration (PWA)

Answer 6

created in 1934 during the Great Depression, provided 85 percent of the cost of public housing projects. This was the first federally supported public housing program.

Question 7

National Housing Act

Answer 7

Was passed by Congress in 1934. It established the Federal Housing Administration with the purpose of insuring home mortgages.

Question 8

Resettlement Administration

Answer 8

In 1935, the resettlment administration used New Deal funds to develop new towns throughout the United States. Three of these were the “Greenbelt” communities of Greendale, Wisconsin; Greenhills, Ohio; and Greenbelt, Maryland, which are all in existence today.

Question 9

US Housing Act

Answer 9

In 1937, the US Housing Act provided $500 million in home loans for the development of low-cost housing. This act tied slum clearance to public housing. In addition, Section 8 fof the housing act of 1937 authorized project-based rental assitance where the owner reserves some or all of the units in a building fo rlow-income tenants (later, the 1974 Housing Act amended the 1937 act to create what is known as Section 8 Housing

Question 10

Servicemen’s Readjustment Act

Answer 10

Commonly known as the GI Bill, guaranteed home loans to veterans and resulted in rapid development of suburbs.

Question 11

Housing act of 1949

Answer 11

was the first comprehensive housing legislation passed in the US. the act called for the construction of 800,000 new housing units and emphasized slum clearance.

Question 12

Housing Act of 1954

Answer 12

Called for slum prevention and urban renewal. Additionally, the act provided funding for planning for cities under 25000 population. Section 701 funds were later expanded to allow for statewide, interstate and regional planning

Question 13

Housing Act of 1959

Answer 13

made federal matching funds available for comprehsive planning at metropolitan, regional, state, and interstate levels

Question 14

Housing Act of 1961

Answer 14

provided interest subsidies to nonprofit organizations, limited-dividend corporations, cooperatives, and public agencies for the construction of public housing projects for lwo and moderate income families to rent.

Question 15

US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

Answer 15

in 1965, HUD was formed through the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965. The act also put into place rent subsidies for the poor, home loans at reduced interest rates and subsidies for public housing projects.

Question 16

Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act

Answer 16

In 1966, was the launch of the model cities program. The act provided financial incentives for coordinated metro area planning for open space, water supply, sewage disposal, and mass transit. It also established a loan guarantee program to encourage the development of ‘new communities’

Question 17

Civil Rights Act of 1968

Answer 17

made racial discrimination in the sale or rental of housing illegal. Title VIII and Title IX of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 comprise the Fair Housing Act (FHA)

Question 18

Fair Housing Act

Answer 18

Comprised of Title VIII and title IX of the Civil Rights Act of 1968. The Fair Housing Act expanded on previous acts to prohibit discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, and since 1974, sex. Since 1988, the act protects people with disabilities and families with children.

Question 19

Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968

Answer 19

provided for the construction of six million subsidized housing units. The act also authorized monthly subsidies for private houses for low income families

Question 20

Pruitt-Igoe

Answer 20

In 1972, Pruitt-Igoe, a public housing development first occupied in 1954, was demolished in St. Louis. Its demolition marked a shift away from concentrated high-rise public housing.

Question 21

Community Development Block Grant Program (CDBG)

Answer 21

In 1974, was created under the Housing and Community Development Act. This grant program provides flexibility for communities to use federal funds for the improvement of blighted areas. THe CDBG program consolidated six categorical urban programs into one. Additionally, this act created the Section 8 housing voucher program (amending the 1937 legislation) that provides rent subsidies for low-income housing

Question 22

National Manufactured Housing Construction and Safety Act of 1974

Answer 22

regulated manufactured housing units (sometimes called “mobile homes”) for the first time. local ordinances can be used to regualte manufactured housing in terms of location, size, and appearance. The act applied to all manufactured homes built in 1976 or later. The act was significantly updated in 2000

Question 23

Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA, pronounced HUM-duh)

Answer 23

a 1975 federal law that requires financial institutions to report mortgage data to the public. HMDA grew out of concern over credit shortages in some neighborhoods. The law helps track whether banks are serving the housing credit needs of their communities, potentially identifying discriminatory lending patters.

Question 24

Community Reinvestment Act (CRA)

Answer 24

a federal law enacted in 1977 to encourage banks to meet the credit needs of low- and moderate income neighborhoods. One of the aims of the CRA was to reverse the effects of redlining

Question 25

Redlining

Answer 25

a highly discriminatory practice in which banks restricted lending in areas they deemded too risky (most often this applied to African-American neighborhoods). The CRA requires federal regulators to assess how well each bank fulfulls its obligations to low and moderate-income neighborhoods

Question 26

Urban Development Action Grant Program (UDAG)

Answer 26

was authorized under the 1977 amendments to the 1974 Housing and COmmunity Development Act. The UDAG program promoted public-private parternships for the redevelopment of uran areas. It also required intergovernmental cooperation in the placement of projects. Finally, UDAG cut funding for the Section 701 comprehensive planning program.

Question 27

National Affordable Housing Act of 1990

Answer 27

Created the HOME program, which provides funds for housing rehabilitation

Question 28

HOPE VI

Answer 28

in 1992, HOPE VI was passed by Congress. The HOPE VI grant program provided funds for the redevelopment of severely distressed public housing. It also allowed for the demolition of public housing as well as the construction of new public housing in mixed-income neighborhoods, following the principles of New Urbanism. HOPE VI has dispersed public housing from previuosly concetrated locations.

Question 29

Consolidated Plan

Answer 29

Beginning in 1995, HUD required local communities to prepare a Consolidated Plan to receive funding from HUD programs. The conslidated planning process replaces the planning and application requirements for the following:

• CDBG, HOME investment partership program (HOME), Emergency Shelter Grant (ESG), Housing Opportunities for persons with AIDS (HOPWA)

The consolidated plan is both a process and a document. It is a process through which a community identifies its housing, homeless, and community development needs, establishes multi-year goals, and lays out an annual action plan. A consolidate plan is also a public document that details a community’s community development and housing profile.

Question 30

Sweat Equity

Answer 30

the interest or increased value in a property earned from labor put toward the restoration of a property. Habitat for Humanity is an example of a sweat equity program, helping families become homeowners by contributing hours of labor towards the construction of a home.

Question 31

Urban Homesteading

Answer 31

has been used by a number of cities to encourage residents to occupy and renovate vacant properties. HUD allows for federally owned properties to be sold to homesteaders.

Question 32

Workforce Housing

Answer 32

a term used for subsidized housing meant for teachers, nurses, police officers and others in the workforce. The term is popular because it is seen as having less social stigma than “affordable housing”

Question 33

Aging of America (Housing)

Answer 33

The aging of America is a critical issue facing cities across the US. By 2030, people over the age of 65 are expected to represent 20 percent of the US population.

Question 34

Community Development Banks

Answer 34

operate in low- to moderate-income areas. These banks are certified by the US department of treasury. in addition, community development banks can seek an alternative designation by the National Community Investment Fund if they locate branches and provide loans in economically distressed areas.

Question 35

Colonias

Answer 35

Are unincorporated subdivisions with little or no infrastructure sold to low-income individuals. Colonias are located in Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas and their residents are predominantly Hispanic. Colonias have grown as a result of a limited supply of adequate, affordable housing near the Mexico border. For example, in Texas, an estimated 500,000 people live in 2,294 colonias.

Question 36

Homelessness

Answer 36

Homelessness has risen over the last 20 years. A lack of affordable housing and the limited scale of housing assistance programs have contributed to the current housing crisis and homelessness. Foreclosures have increased the number of people who experience homelessness since the Great Recession.

Homelessness and poverty are inextricably linked. Poor people are frequently unable to pay for housing, food, childcare, health care, and education. Housing, which absorbs a high proportion of income, often suffers when people living in poverty experience an illness, accident or job loss.

Other major factors which can contribute to homelessness include lack of affordable health care, domestic violence, mental illness and addiction.