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RUSVM Virology Exam 1 > Host Response to Viral Infection > Flashcards

Host Response to Viral Infection Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 types of host immune response?

A
  1. Innate immunity
  2. Adaptive immunity
  3. Passive immunity
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2
Q

T/F: Innate immunity defenses exhibit antigen specificity and memory

A

False; do not exhibit antigen specificity or memory

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3
Q

Innate immunity is the ________ line of defense against viral infection

A

First

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4
Q

T/F: Innate immunity has primary physical and chemical defenses

A

True

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5
Q

What are the 2 primary physical and chemical defenses of respiratory tract?

A
  1. Mucociliary blanket

2. Temp. Gradient

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6
Q

NK cells mediate cell death via ___________

A

Apoptosis

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7
Q

One class of PRRs are ___________

A

TLRs (toll-like receptors)

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8
Q

PRRs recognize ___________

A

PAMPs (pathogen specific associated molecular patterns)

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9
Q

Interferons are secreted by _________ cells in response to viral infections an other stimuli

A

Somatic

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10
Q

Interferons possess what 3 properties?

A

Potent antiviral, immunomodulating, and anti-cancer properties

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11
Q

T/F: Interferons have virus specificity

A

False; have no virus specificity

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12
Q

Who is stronger inducer of interferons? DNA or RNA viruses?

A

RNA viruses

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13
Q

Why should interferons be administered by injection?

A

Because they are orally inactive

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14
Q

What is IFN-α?

A

Leukocyte interferon produced in large quantities by dendritic cells

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15
Q

What is IFN-β?

A

Fibroblast interferon secreted by virus infected fibroblast

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16
Q

IFN-α & IFN-β are what type of interferons?

A

Type 1

17
Q

What are some roles of type-1 IFNs?

A
  1. Inhibit virus replication
  2. Activate NK cells
  3. Increase MHC-1 expression
  4. Maturation of dendritic cells
  5. Stimulate memory T-cell proliferation
18
Q

Type-II interferon has INF-_____

A

IFN-γ

19
Q

What is the main function of IFN-γ?

A

Mostly immunoregulatory

20
Q

What 3 types of IFN are in type-III interferons?

A

IFN-λ1
IFN-λ2
IFN-λ3

21
Q

What is the primary function of type-III IFNs?

A

Immunoregulator

22
Q

Type-III IFNs are expressed in response to what two things?

A
  1. Viral infections

2. TLRs

23
Q

Adaptive immunity includes ___________ and ____________ components

A

Humoral and cellular

24
Q

Adaptive immunity is __________ specific

A

Antigen

25
Q

Humoral immunity is mediated by Ab released from ___ lymphocytes and cellular immunity is mediated by ___ lymphocytes

A
  1. B

2. T

26
Q

Adaptive immunity stimulates _____-term memory after infection

A

Long

27
Q

Antibodies may be expressed by what two types of viral proteins?

A
  1. Viral proteins on free virions

2. Viral proteins expressed on surface of infected cells

28
Q

What does virus neutralization do?

A

Prevents virus attachment and entry into host cells; they bind to viral capsid or host envelope

29
Q

What is opsonization?

A

Coating of virions with antibodies so it is recognized and phagocytosed by macrophages and sometimes neutrophils

30
Q

What are 5 antiviral effects on antibodies?

A
  1. Virus neutralization
  2. Opsonization
  3. Clumping of viruses
  4. Activation of compliment system
  5. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
31
Q

What are 4 components of cell mediated immunity?

A
  1. Activation of macrophages
  2. Inflammation
  3. Stimulation of B lymphocytes
  4. Killing of infected cells
32
Q

T/F: adaptive immunity is virus specific

A

True

33
Q

What are 9 ways viruses evade the immune system?

A
  1. Antigen plasticity
  2. Antigen multiplicity
  3. Negative cytokine regulation
  4. Down-regulation of MHC class 1 pathway
  5. Inhibition of compliment activation
  6. Evasion of neutralizing antibodies
  7. Latency
  8. Cell-to-cell spread of viruses
  9. Inhibition of apoptosis
34
Q

What is antigenic plasticity?

A

Rapid changes in structure of viral antigen

35
Q

What is antigenic multiplicity?

A

Antigenic variants with little or no cross-reactivity

36
Q

What are virokines?

A

Viruses that synthesize proteins that are homologs of cytokines/IFNs

37
Q

What are viroceptors?

A

Viruses that encode proteins that are homologous to receptors for cytokines

RUSVM Virology Exam 1 (12 decks)

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