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RUSVM Virology Exam 1 > Effects of Viruses on Host Cell > Flashcards

Effects of Viruses on Host Cell Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 effects of viruses on host cells?

A
  1. Cytocidal
  2. Non-cytocidal
  3. Cell transformation
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2
Q

Cytocidal effects on host cells lead to cell death via ____________ or _____________

A
  1. Lysis

2. Apoptosis

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3
Q

Non-cytocidal effects of viruses on host cell lead to what kind of infections?

A

Persistent infections

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4
Q

Cell transformation effects of viruses on host cells lead to __________ cells

A

Tumor

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5
Q

What is a cytopathic or cytopathogenic effect?

A

Damaged or morphological changes to host cells during virus invasion

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6
Q

Cell fusion involves the fusion of _____________ membrane of 4 or more cells to produce enlarged cell with 4 or more nuclei

A

Plasma

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7
Q

Cell fusion results from fusion of an ______________ cell w/neighboring _______________ or _______________ cells

A
  1. Infected
  2. Infected
  3. Uninfected
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8
Q

T/F: Inclusion bodies in host cell during viral replication help ID certain viral infections

A

TRUE

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9
Q

Inclusion bodies are abnormal structures in cell __________ or ____________ or both, having characteristic staining properties

A
  1. Nucleus

2. Cytoplasm

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10
Q

Inclusion bodies can be what 3 things?

A
  1. Accumulation of viral components
  2. Result from degenerative charges in cell
  3. Crystalline aggregates of virions
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11
Q

Acidophilic staining recognizes for ______ dyes and appear the color _________

A
  1. Acid

2. Pink

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12
Q

Baso Philip staining recognizes ________ dyes and appears a ______/_______ color

A
  1. Basic

2. Purple/blue

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13
Q

What are 5 types of mechanisms of virus-induced cell injury and death?

A
  1. Inhibition of host-cell nucleic acid synthesis
  2. Inhibition of host-cell RNA transcription
  3. Inhibition of host-cell protein synthesis
  4. Lysosomes release hydrolytic enzymes, which destroys cell
  5. Interfere with cell membrane function
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14
Q

Apoptosis is ___________ cell death

A

Programmed

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15
Q

What mediates cell death?

A

Activation of host-cell caspase enzymes

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16
Q

_____________ are responsible for degradation of cell’s own DNA and proteins

A

Caspases

17
Q

What is the intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway?

A

Activated as result of increased permeability of mitochondrial membrane subsequent to cell injury

18
Q

How is the extrinsic (death receptor) pathway activated?

A

Activated by engagement of specific cell-membrane receptors, which are members of TNF receptor family

19
Q

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and NK cells can initiate apoptosis, using preformed mediators such as ___________ and ____________ that directly activate caspases in target cell

A
  1. Perforin

2. Granzyme

20
Q

Antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity results from what?

A

Surface membrane fusion of enveloped viruses

21
Q

What is cell transformation?

A

Change of normal cell to cancer cell

22
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

Abnormal tissue overgrowth that may be localized or disseminated

23
Q

What is a benign neoplasm?

A

Growth produced by abnormal cell proliferation that remains localized and does not invade adjacent tissue

24
Q

What is a malignant neoplasm?

A

Locally invasive and may also spread to other parts of body

25
Q

What is metastasis?

A

Spread of cancer cells from the part of the body where it started to other parts of body

26
Q

What are two important tumor suppressor genes?

A

Rb and p53

27
Q

What are tumor suppressing genes?

A

Plays role in keeping cell division in check and encodes proteins that regulate and inhibit uncontrolled growth

28
Q

What are proto-oncogenes?

A

Encode proteins that function in normal cellular growth an differentiation

29
Q

What are oncogenes?

A

Mutated forms of proto-oncogenes or aberrantly expressed proto-oncogenes

30
Q

What is Rb: retinoblastoma protein?

A

Important tumor suppression gene/protein that blocks E2F and keeps cell division in check

31
Q

What is p53 protiein?

A

Important tumor suppression gene/protein that prevents cells w/damaged DNA from entering cell division; if no repair can happen, mediated apoptosis

32
Q

Oncogenic viruses generally have a _________ genome

A

DNA

33
Q

What are oncogenic DNA viruses?

A

Have viral oncogenes in viral DNA

34
Q

What happens when oncogenic DNA viruses infect permissive cells?

A

They can replicate successfully and results in no cancer/cell lysis

35
Q

What happens when oncogenic DNA viruses infect non-permissive cells?

A

Cannot replicate and results in cancer or replication

36
Q

What are acutely transforming retroviruses?

A

Steal proto-oncogene from infected host cell DNA and the virus converts the proto-oncogene into oncogene (cancer causing gene)

37
Q

What is a slow/chronic transforming retrovirus?

A

Virus genome gets inserted into regulatory gene of host cell DNA and regulatory cannot function properly , resulting in excessive cell division or cancer

38
Q

What are tumor antigens?

A

New antigens appear on surface of tumor cells that may provoke immune response

39
Q

How are tumor antigens expressed?

A

FOCMA

RUSVM Virology Exam 1 (12 decks)

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