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RUSVM Virology Exam 1 > Diagnosis of Viral Infections 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Diagnosis of Viral Infections 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How many risk groups are there of infective micro organisms

A

4

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2
Q

What is risk group 1?

A

Zero to low individual and community risk

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3
Q

What is risk group 2?

A

Moderate individual risk, low community risk

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4
Q

What is risk group 3?

A

High individual risk, low community risk

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5
Q

T/F: A pathogen in risk group 3 causes serious human/animal disease but does not ordinarily spread from one individual to another. They have effective treatment measures and preventatives

A

True

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6
Q

What is risk group 4?

A

High individual and community risk

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7
Q

T/F: Pathogens in risk group 4 usually cause serious human/animal diseases and is readily transmitted , directly and indirectly. There is usually no effective treatment or preventative methods

A

True

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8
Q

What risk group(s) belongs to BSL-4?

A

Risk group 4

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9
Q

What is a biohazard?

A

Biological substance that pose a threat to health of living organism, primarily humans

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10
Q

What is biosafety?

A

The containment principles, technologies and practices that are implemented to prevent unintentional exposure to pathogens and toxins, or accidental release

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11
Q

Aerosol are very small droplets of fluid that spread via _____

A

Air

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12
Q

For virus isolation, when should specimens be collected? Why?

A

Soon after the onset of symptoms because there is maximal amounts of viruses present at onset of signs

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13
Q

How many blood specimens are usually collected for serological tests and when are they collected?

A

Two; one during acute phase and second during convalescence period

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14
Q

How so some specimens be collected for molecular diagnostics?

A

Early part of illness

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15
Q

What is associated with viral transport medium (VTM)?

A

Swabs

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16
Q

What packing system should be followed while transporting infectious materials?

A

Basic triple packaging system

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17
Q

T/F: Clinical signs, necropsy, and histopathology are ways to DX viral infections

A

True

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18
Q

Cultivation/isolation in cell/tissue culture and inoculation in eggs can be used for _________ of viruses

A

Detection

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19
Q

What method could be used to demonstrated and detect viruses that cannot be grown in-vitro?

A

Electron microscopy

20
Q

What are two types of electron microscopy that can be used?

A
  1. Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

2. Transmission electron microscope (TEM)

21
Q

The method of TEM is based on what type of electrons?

A

Transmitted

22
Q

The method of SEM is based on what type of electrons?

A

Scattered

23
Q

Which electron microscopic method seeks to see what is inside and beyond the surface?

A

TEM

24
Q

Which method of electron microscopy produces 3D images?

A

SEM

25
Q

Which method of electron microscopy has higher magnification and greater resolution?

A

TEM

26
Q

What is a gold standard test?

A

Diagnostic test considered to be most accurate and best available under particular condition or set of conditions

27
Q

Sensitivity is the probability that cases _______ the infection will have __________test result and specificity is probability that cases _________ the infection will have ________ result

A
  1. With
  2. Positive
  3. Without
  4. Negative
28
Q

What color and type of tube is used or serum collection?

A

Red-top vacutainer tube

29
Q

What color and type of tube is used for plasma collection?

A

Lavender-top EDTA vacutainer tube

30
Q

What are the 4 type of ELISAs?

A
  1. Direct ELISA
  2. Indirect ELISA
  3. Sandwich ELISA
  4. Competitive ELISA
31
Q

T/F: For direct ELISA, the specificity of primary antibody is very important

A

True

32
Q

T/F: Enzyme-conjugated secondary antibodies are used to detect or quantify antigen concentration

A

False; enzyme-conjugated PRIMARY antibodies

33
Q

For indirect ELISA, enzyme-conjugated __________ antibodies are used to recognize __________ antibodies

A
  1. Secondary

2. Primary

34
Q

An antigen is measured between what to layers for a sandwich ELISA?

A

A layer of capture antibodies and layer of detection antibodies

35
Q

For a competitive ELISA, will a decrease or increase in signal indicate the presence of antigen in a sample?

A

A decrease

36
Q

What are two types of fluorescence antibody tests (FAT)?

A
  1. Direct FAT

2. Indirect FAT

37
Q

What is a direct FAT?

A

Labeled Ab are added to sample

38
Q

What is an indirect FAT?

A

Use fluorescent labeled secondary Ab to recognize primary antibody bound to antigen

39
Q

What is immunohistochemistry?

A

Antibody tagged with enzyme and enzyme reacts with substrate to produced colored product that be seen in infected cell under light microscope

40
Q

What is immunochromatography?

A

A form of point-of-care (POC) test/assay

41
Q

Agglutination is a method using the property of specific _______ to bind to many _________ into single clumps resulting in large complexes

A
  1. Antibodies

2. Antigens

42
Q

What property of the pathogen does hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition test rely on?

A

The pathogens ability to nonspecifically agglutinate erythrocytes

43
Q

What kind of assay is an agar gel immunodiffusion test?

A

Serological assay

44
Q

In a compliment fixation test, if a patient has antibodies against virus A and the intact RBCs settle at the bottom, is that a positive or negative reaction?

A

Positive reaction

45
Q

In a compliment fixation test, if a patient is negative to virus A with no antibodies and the sheep RBCs have undergone destruction/hemolysis, is that a positive or negative reaction?

A

Negative reaction

46
Q

What is the neutralization of viruses?

A

Loss of infectivity through reaction of virus with specific antibody

RUSVM Virology Exam 1 (12 decks)

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