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RUSVM Virology Exam 1 > Host-Pathogen Interactions 1 > Flashcards

Host-Pathogen Interactions 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is lethal dose 50? (LD50)

A

Dose of virus required to cause death of 50% of animals

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2
Q

What is infectious dose 50? (ID50)

A

Dose of virus that will infect 50% of experimental group of hosts/animals

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3
Q

The lower the ID50 & LD50, the ___________ virulent an organism

A

More

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4
Q

What are 4 routes of entry of virus into host?

A
  1. The skin
  2. Mucous membrane
  3. GI tract
  4. Respiratory tract
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5
Q

What are 3 ways a virus can enter host via transcutaneous injection?

A
  1. Arthropod bite
  2. Bite of infected animal
  3. Contaminated objects
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6
Q

What are 3 ways virus can enter host via mucous membrane?

A
  1. Conjunctiva
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Genitourinary tract/rectum
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7
Q

What is a disseminated infection?

A

Infection spreads beyond primary site of infection

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8
Q

What is a systemic infection?

A

A number of organs or tissues are infected

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9
Q

__________ release facilitates virus dispersal, while ___________ release provides access to underlying tissues, facilitating systemic spread

A
  1. Apical

2. Basolateral

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10
Q

What is viremia?

A

Presence of virus in blood, may be free in blood or in cell, such as lymphocytes

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11
Q

What are 4 types of viremia?

A
  1. Passive
  2. Active
  3. Primary
  4. Secondary
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12
Q

What is passive viremia?

A

Direct inoculation of virus in blood, such as bite of arthropod or contaminated syringe

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13
Q

What is active viremia?

A

Viremia following initial replication in host. Release of virions from initial site of replication to blood stream

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14
Q

What is primary viremia?

A

Initial entry of virus into blood after injection

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15
Q

What is secondary viremia?

A

Virus has replicated in major organs and once more entered the circulation

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16
Q

What are 3 ways virus can spread via nerves?

A
  1. Neurotrophic
  2. Neuroinvasive
  3. Neurovirulent
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17
Q

What is a neurotrophic virus?

A

Virus that can infect neural cells via neural or hematogenous spread

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18
Q

What is a neuroinvasive virus?

A

Viruses enter central nervous system after injection of a peripheral site

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19
Q

What is a neurovirulent virus?

A

Viruses that cause disease of nervous tissue, manifested by neurological symptoms and often death

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20
Q

T/F: Virus can exhibit low neuroinvasiveness but high neurovirulence

A

True

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21
Q

T/F: Virus exhibits neuroinvasiveness but low neurovirulence

A

True

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22
Q

Virus can exhibit high neuroinvasiveness and high neurovirulence

A

True

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23
Q

Retrograde spread of viruses travel in ____________ direction of nerve impulse flow

A

Opposite

24
Q

Anterograde spread of viruses travel in _________ direction of nerve impulse flow

A

Same

25
Q

What are 2 ways viruses spread through the CNS?

A
  1. Olfactory routes

2. Blood brain barrier

26
Q

Acute infection is usually ___________ shedding over _______period of time

A
  1. Intensive

2. Short

27
Q

Persistent infections can be shed at __________ titers for ___________ to __________

A
  1. Lower
  2. Months
  3. Years
28
Q

What is viral tropism?

A

Specificity/affinity of virus for particular host tissue

29
Q

What is a pantropic virus?

A

Can replicate in more than one host/tissue

30
Q

What is a vesicle?

A

Fluid filled sac/elevation

31
Q

An ulcer is an opening in skin caused by __________ of necrotic tissue

A

Sloughing

32
Q

Nodules will have ________ borders and tumors will ____________ ____________ into dermis

A
  1. Distinct

2. Extend deep

33
Q

T/F: Warts are benign skin growths that appear when virus infects top layer of skin

A

True

34
Q

Erythema is reddening of skin, consequence of ___________ viral infection

A

Systemic

35
Q

What are 2 ways viruses can invade the GI tract?

A
  1. Ingestion

2. Hematogenous spread, systemic infection

36
Q

What are 3 types of ways viruses can cause injury to the GI tract?

A
  1. Destruction of enterocytes due to viral replication, hypersecretion
  2. GI disease, malabsorption, diarrhea
  3. Pronounced dehydration, acidosis, hemoconcentration
37
Q

What are some injuries viruses do to the respiratory tract?

A
  1. Loss of ciliary activity
  2. Loss of integrity of lining of mucus layer
  3. Multifocal destruction of epithelium
  4. Inflammation
38
Q

What are 4 types of injuries viruses can do to the CNS?

A
  1. Neuronal necrosis
  2. Perivascular cuffing
  3. Progressive demyelination
  4. Neuronal vacuolation
39
Q

T/F: Clots form in small vessels throughout the body, however organs do not get blood, they have organ failure

A

True

40
Q

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) will display _______________ throughout the body

A

Hemorrhages

41
Q

What is teratogenesis?

A

Abnormal development or arrest in development

42
Q

Virus-induced immunopathology is tissue injury mediated by __________ immune response to virus infection

A

Host

43
Q

Virus-induced immunopathology depends on the delicate balance between ____________ and _____________ effects of host immune response

A
  1. Protective

2. Destructive

44
Q

Immunopathology is tissue damage mediated by _________________ reactions

A

Hypersensitivity

45
Q

Immunopathology is associated with ____________ diseases and _____________ disorders

A
  1. Autoimmune

2. Immunodeficiency

46
Q

Immunopathology can also be ____________ mediated tissue damage

A

Inflammation

47
Q

What are some roles of T cells?

A
  1. Cytotoxic cell mediated lysis/killing of infected host cells
  2. Releases of CD4+ and CD8+
48
Q

Toll-like receptors are part of the __________ immune response

A

Innate

49
Q

T/F: Antibody responses to viruses may also contribute to tissue damage

A

True

50
Q

T/F: Infectious bursar disease is an example f immunosuppression

A

True

51
Q

What are inapparent infections?

A
  1. Clinical signs and symptoms are not evident
  2. Too few cells may be infected
  3. Stimulate host immune response
  4. Possible source of virus spread
52
Q

What is an acute infection?

A
  1. Short clinical course

2. Rapid clearance from host immune response

53
Q

What is a latent infection?

A
  1. Persistent
  2. Infectious virus is not demonstrable except when reactivation occurs
  3. Reactivation often stimulated by immunosuppression and/or action of cytokines or hormone
54
Q

What is a chronic infection?

A

Virus is continuously shed from or is present in infected tissue

55
Q

What is a slow infection?

A
  1. Prolonged incubation period, lasting months or years

2. Slow, progressive lethal disease

RUSVM Virology Exam 1 (12 decks)

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