Host-Microbial Relationship

Question 1

The fraction of proportion of a group of people possessing a clinical condition or outcome at a given point in time

Answer 1

Prevalence

Question 2

This is the indicator of the spread of disease as it refers to new cases occurring in a population initially free of the disease

Answer 2

incidence

Question 3

This is the indicator of how seriously and how long a disease affects the population

Answer 3

Prevalence

Question 4

Type of prevalence that is measured at the time of the survey for each person although not necessarily the same point in time for all the people in the defined period

Answer 4

Point prevalence

the other is period prevalence: cases present at any time during a SPECIFIC period of time

Question 5

Shows the transmission of disease

Answer 5

Incidence

Question 6

Refers to the resistance to spread of a contagious disease within a population that results if a sufficiently high proportion of individuals are immune to the disease either through natural infection or vaccination

Answer 6

herd immunity

Question 7

Refers to the potentially harmful disease that needs to be reported to the regulatory authorities by physicians

Answer 7

Notifiable disease

Question 8

Refers to diseases or infectious agents with constant presence and usual prevalence in a population within a geographic area

Answer 8

Endemic

Question 9

Dengue is said to be _____ when its cases suddenly increase above what it normally expected in a population in a certain area

Answer 9

Epidemic

Question 10

Refers to aggregation of cases grouped in place and time that are suspected to be greater than the number expected, even though the expected number may not be known

Answer 10

cluster

Question 11

Refers to a disease that has an infrequent and irregular occurrence

Answer 11

Sporadic

Question 12

Stage of Infectious Disease:
marked by early, mild symptoms of disease due to the continuous multiplication of pathogen

Answer 12

Prodromal period

• shot period following incubation

Question 13

Stage of Infectious Disease:
Person exhibits overt signs of disease

Answer 13

Invasive period (illness or acute disease)

Question 14

Stage of Infectious Disease:
Patient is still vulnerable to secondary infections despite ablation of signs and symptoms

Answer 14

Decline period

Question 15

Stage of Infectious Disease:
return to pre-diseased state and recovery

Answer 15

convalescent period

Question 16

Incubation period depends on the following except:
A. specific microorganism and its virulence
B. number of infecting microbes
C. host factors
D. season

Answer 16

D. season

Question 17

Transmission of infectious disease:
animal-to-animal disease transmission can sometimes transfer to humans

Answer 17

Animal reservoirs

Question 18

Transmission of infectious disease:
transmission through bites and scratches or handling of infected animals

Answer 18

Animal-to-person contact

Question 19

Vectors that passively transport pathogens via vector’s body (ex. feet)

Answer 19

Mechanical vectors

other is Biological vector:
active process

Question 20

3 elements that interact to develop a disease

Answer 20

Agent, Host, Environment

Question 21

Refers to the extrinsic factors that affect the AGENT and the OPPORTUNITY for exposure

Answer 21

Environment

Question 22

Easiest and most frequently traveled portal of entry

Answer 22

Respiratory tract

Question 23

majority of adherence factor that help agents to locate a niche are made of which compounds?

Answer 23

glycoproteins and lipoprotein

Question 24

These microbial enzymes destroy neutrophils and macrophages

Answer 24

Leukocidins

Question 25

Theses enzymes form blood clots that protect the organisms from phagocytosis and isolate them from host defenses

Answer 25

coagulase

Question 26

Enzyme that hydrolyzes the polysaccharide that holds together the connective tissues resulting to BLACKENING of infected wounds and SPREAD to distant sites

Answer 26

Hyaluronidases

Question 27

Which microbial factor is demonstrated by Chlamydia trachomatis as its is only phagocytosed by squamocolumnar cells of the genital tract

Answer 27

evasion of host defenses

Question 28

Microbial Toxins that are an integral part of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria

Answer 28

endotoxins - Lipid A - relatively stable - weakly immunogenic - NOT converted to toxoids - NO specific receptors - produces fever via IL-1 - synthesis via chromosomal genes

Question 29

Which of the following is a feature of an exotoxin? A. NOT converted to toxoids B. DO NOT bind to specific receptors C. produces fever via IL-1 D. synthesized via extrachromosomal genes like plasmids E. cause phagocytes to secrete TNF

Answer 29

D.

Question 30

This is a soluble and non-specific effector released by host cells infected by virus to protect neighboring cells from viral infection by inducing intracellular antiviral proteins

Answer 30

Interferon-alpha

Question 31

This is a soluble and non-specific effector released to activate macrophages to phagocytize and destroy parasites more effectively, interrupts viral replication, and promotes T-cell differentiation

Answer 31

Infterfon-gamma

Question 32

This is a soluble and non-specific effector released by macrophages and epithelial cells for non-specific opsonization for certain microbes

Answer 32

fibronectin

Question 33

This is released by activated macrophages and PMNs and causes sequestration of iron from the plasma reducing the amount of iron available for invading organisms

Answer 33

lactoferrin

Question 34

Ig from mucous membranes that prevent adhesion

Answer 34

Ig A

Question 35

Ig that initiates complement cascade, opsonization of bacteria and neutralization of viruses

Answer 35

Ig G

Question 36

Ig for phagocytosis of bound bacteria

Answer 36

IgM

Question 37

Cells that are stimulated by binding of the T-independent antigens to produce antibodies, primarily IgM

Answer 37

B-cells