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MICROBIOLOGY MED2 > Bacterial Morphology > Flashcards

Bacterial Morphology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

This is the Surface Area to Volume Ratio (SA:V) of a bacterium which allows for easy absorption of food

A

3:1

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2
Q

This is the Surface Area to Volume Ratio for eukaryotes

A

0.3:1

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3
Q

Which cocci bacteria occur in pairs?

A

diplococci

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4
Q

Which cocci bacteria occur in chains?

A

streptococci

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5
Q

Which cocci bacteria occur in grape-like clusters?

A

staphylococci

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6
Q

pertains to cocci bacteria occur in groups of four

A

tetrad

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7
Q

pertains to cocci bacteria occur in groups of eight

A

sarcina

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8
Q

These pertains to rod-shaped bacteria

A

bacilli

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9
Q

This pertains to chain of bacilli

A

streptobacillus

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10
Q

This pertains to very short bacilli so as to appear like cocci

A

coccobacilli

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11
Q

This pertains to spindle-shaped rod bacilli

A

Fusiform bacillus

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12
Q

This pertains to curved, comma-shaped bacilli

A

vibrio

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13
Q

This is a bacteria with a single turn which can also be mistaken for sperm when there is a presence of a tail

A

Vibrio

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14
Q

These are bacteria that are spiral in shape and rigid

A

spirillum

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15
Q

These are bacteria that are spiral in shape and flexible

A

spirochette

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16
Q

What are the other two main components of the cytoplasm of bacteria apart from water?

A

Ribosomes - RNA and proteins
Proteins - mostly enzymes

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17
Q

What type of ribosomal monomers do bacteria have? (svedberg)

A

70S

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18
Q

The 70S ribosomes of bacteria is composed of which subunits?

A

30S and 50S subunits

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19
Q

This component of a bacterial cytoplasm serves as nourishment for the bacterium

A

cytoplasmic or storage granules

-consisting of starch, fat, sulfur or phosphate

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20
Q

These are small circular DNA molecules carrying extra genes that make the bacteria more resistant to conventional antibiotics used by doctors

A

plasmids

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21
Q

Referred to as the chromosome which contains basic genetic information needed by the cell to survive and produce daughter cells

A

Circular genome

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22
Q

These are sac-like invagination of the cytoplasmic membrane containing circular or tubular structures attached to DNA chromatin

A

Mesosomes

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23
Q

Mesosomes of bacteria are thought to be associated with which function of the cell?

A

cell division

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24
Q

Which aquatic bacteria have a nucleoid surrounded by a two-layer nuclear membrane?

A

Planctomycetes

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25
Q

These are intracytoplasmic membrane systems that contain photosynthetic pigments like carotenoids and bacteriochlorophyll

A

Chromatophores

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26
Q

These are non-unit membrane-enclosed structures found in some photosynthetic bacteria

A

Chlorosomes

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27
Q

These are multi-layered structures composed of photosynthetic membranes found in cyanobacteria and used for harvesting light energy

A

Thylakoids

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28
Q

These are cytoplasmic granules produced when source of nitrogen, sulfur, or phosphorus is limited, with excess carbon in the medium

A

poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB)

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29
Q

These are granules of polyphosphate produced where there are large reserves of inorganic phosphate

A

Volutin/ Metachromatic/ Babes-Ernst granules

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30
Q

Which bacteria demonstrates clubbing at both ends due to the presence of metachromatic granules?

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

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31
Q

Which part of the bacteria contains the electron transport chain cytochromes and other enzymes for oxidative phosphorylation, similar to mitochondrial membrane?

A

cell membrane

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32
Q

This bacterial cell component is a constituent of all bacteria

A

cell wall

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33
Q

This is the internal osmotic pressure of most bacteria that would be sufficient to burst the cell were it not for the presence of a high-tensile strength cell wall

A

5-20atm

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34
Q

This is a biopolymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that provides the strength to the cell wall of bacteria

A

murein, mucopeptide or peptidoglycan

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35
Q

This rigid component determines the shape of the bacterium

A

cell wall

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36
Q

What are the 3 essential parts of the peptidoglycan layer?

A
  1. Backbone - composed of alternating N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
  2. A set of identical tetrapeptide side chains
  3. A set of identical peptide cross-bridges
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37
Q

Which parts of the peptidoglycan layer vary from species to species?

A

Tetrapeptide side chains and peptide cross-bridges

38
Q

Which molecules is the immediate precursor in the bacterial biosynthesis of lysine and is important in the synthesis of new peptidoglycan?

A

Diaminopimelic acid

39
Q

The cell wall of gram-positive bacteria is almost exclusively composed of:

A

peptidoglycan layer

40
Q

This component of the gram-positive cell wall is partially responsible for the negative charge of the cell surface

A

Teichoic acid (antigenic virulence factor responsible for negative charge)
- Forssmann antigen
- Lipoteichoic acid - virulence factor
- water-soluble, anionic polymers of polyol phosphates (ribitol or glycerol phosphates)

41
Q

Teichoic acid bind which minerals for eventual transport into the cell?

A

Ca2+ and Mg2+

42
Q

This is the antigenic determinant brought by the teichoic acid component of Gram-positive bacterial cell walls

A

Forssman antigen

43
Q

The type of teichoic acid covalently bonded to muramic acid residues in cell wall peptidoglycan

A

Wall teichoic acid (WTA)

44
Q

The type of teichoic acid linked to cytoplasmic membrane that may also be a virulence factor

A

Lipoteichoic acid (LTA)

45
Q

These are polymers that are like teichoic acid, but the repeat units include sugar acids instead of phosphoric acids.

A

Teichuronic acids

-synthesized in place of teichoic acids when phosphate is limiting

46
Q

Which type of polysaccharides are usually contained by gram-positive walls?

A

neutral or acidic

47
Q

What are the three components that lie outside of the peptidoglycan layer of the gram-negative cell wall?

A

Lipopolysaccharide
Outer membrane
Lipoproteins

48
Q

What are the compositions of the outer leaflet of the outer membrane?

A

Phospholipids
Porins
Lipopolysaccharides

49
Q

This forms the Outer Membrane Matrix of gram-negative bacteria and contribute to its stabilization

A

Phospholipids

50
Q

These are protein trimers that form channels, which permit small molecules to diffuse across the membrane

A

Porins

51
Q

This is the most notable feature of a gram (-) bacterial cell wall

A

Lipopolysaccharides

52
Q

What type of toxin is the LPS of the outer membrane of gram (-) bacteria?

A

Endotoxin

53
Q

What are the parts of the LPS of gram-negs?

A

Lipid A
Polysaccharide core
Repeated unit/ O antigen

54
Q

This is responsible for the toxicity of the LPS and it dictates the disease severity that the gram-neg bacteria can give

A

Lipid A

55
Q

This confers to the antigenic specificity of the LPS of gram-neg outer membrane

A

Repeated unit/ O antigen

56
Q

What are the two characteristic sugars of the polysaccharide core of the LPS in gram-negs

A

Ketodeoxyoctanoid acid (KDO) and a heptose

57
Q

This is the mose abundant protein that compose the inner leaflet of the gram-neg outer membrane

A

Lipoproteins

?? Broun’s lipoprotein ??

58
Q

This anchors the outer membrane to the peptidoglycan layer of gram-neg cell wall, stabilizing it.

A

Lipoprotein complex

59
Q

This is the space between the inner and outer membrane that contains a gel-like solution of proteins and have enzymes that are responsible for breaking down non-transportable substances to trasportable ones

A

Periplasmic space

60
Q

Which of the following is present in a gram-positive bacteria?
A. Outer membrane
B. LPS
C. Porin proteins
D. Teichoic acid
E. Periplasm

A

D. Teichoic acid

**Porin proteins are absent n gram-poss since they are unnecessary due to the absence of outer membrane

61
Q

This is the term used to describe the well-defined mucoid polysaccharide structures that closely surround the cell wall of SOME bacteria.

A

Capsule

62
Q

This bacterial cell component consisting of sugars (or extracellular polymers) and contributes to the invasiveness of PATHOGENIC BACTERIA since it protects them from phagocytosis

A

Capsule

63
Q

This is a component of the bacterial cell that is decribed as a long and slender appendage originating from the CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE

A

Flagella

64
Q

This is the protein subunit that makes up the flagella

A

flagellin

65
Q

What is the antigen of the bacterial flagella?

A

H antigen

66
Q

Most flagellated pathogens are surrounded by numerous flagella called:

A

peritrichous

67
Q

Pertains to a bacteria with tuft og flagella at one end

A

lophotrichous

68
Q

pertains to a bacteria with flagella at both ends

A

amphitrichous

69
Q

These are mucoid filamentous structures made up of protein that extends from the cell surface; shorter and finer than a flagella

A

pili

70
Q

What is the structural protein of pili?

A

pilin

71
Q

The attachment properties of pili is made possible by which minor protein located at their tips?

A

adhesins

72
Q

This is a class of pili that is hollow and found at random sites in the bacteria, functioning for the attachment of donor and recipient cells and exchange of genetic materials or bacterial conjugation

A

sex pili

73
Q

This class of pili is more numerous and evenly distributed on the surface of the bacteria, enabling it to stick to surfaces (virulence factor)

A

Common or Fimbriae

74
Q

This specific component of a bacteria functions for adherence of symbiotic and pathogenic bacteria to host cells and may undergo antigenic variation to evade host immune system

A

Common or Fimbrae Pili

75
Q

2 most common gram-positive rods that produce endospores:

A

Aerobic genus Bacillus
Anaerobic genus Clostridium

76
Q

Sporulation results from changes that represent a true process of _________, a series of genes whose products determine the formulation of final composition of the spores

A

differentiation

77
Q

During sporulation, there are changes in the transcriptional specificity of the RNA polymerase. This is determined by the association of the polymerase core protein with one or another promoter-specific protein called:

A

sigma factors

78
Q

During vegetative growth of bacteria, the sigma factor that predominates is designated as:

A

σᴬ

79
Q

The energy-generating system of endospores is ________, occurring in the spore protoplast or core

A

glycolysis

80
Q

True or False:

In endospores, cytochromes are lacking even in aerobic species.

A

True

-spores of which rely on shortened electron transport pathway involving flavoproteins

81
Q

The energy of germination of spores is stored as _______ rather than ATP

A

3-phosphoglycerate

  • spores contain no reduced pyridine nucleotides or ATP
82
Q

The heat resistance of spores is partly attributable to their dehydrated state and in part to the presence in the core of substantial amounts of:

A

Calcium dipicolinate

  • confers heat resistance to the spore
83
Q

Calcium dipicolinate of spores is formed from an intermediate of the _________ biosynthetic pathway

A

lysine

84
Q

This is the thickest layer of the spore enveloped

A

cortex

85
Q

What is the part of the spore that contains normal peptidoglycan and becomes the cell wall of the germinating vegetative cell?

A

spore wall

  • the innermost layer surrounding the inner spore membrane
86
Q

Since this part of the pore is extremely sensitive to lysozymes, its autolysis plays a role in the spore germination

A

cortex peptidoglycan

87
Q

This part of the spore is composed of a keratin-like protein containing many intramolecular disulfide bonds, and the IMPERMEABILITY of this layer confers on spores their relative resistance to antibacterial chemical agents

A

coat

88
Q

What are the 3 stages of spore germination?

A

Activation
Initiation
Outgrowth

89
Q

The following are some agents that can overcome spore dormancy, except:
A. Heat
B. Abrasion
C. Alkalinity
D. Free sulfhydryl groups from certain compounds

A

D. should be acidity

90
Q

After activation of spores, initiation is triggered by binding of effector which then activates an _______ that rapidly degrades the cortex peptidoglycan

A

autolysin

91
Q

The period of active biosynthesis of spores terminating in cell division is called:

A

Outgrowth

-requires a supply of all nutrients essential for cell growth

MICROBIOLOGY MED2 (9 decks)

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