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Animal Health Production Systems > Horses > Flashcards

Horses Flashcards

1
Q

Describe a mare’s oestrus cycle?

A

Seasonally polyoestrus, day long breeder. She cycles regularly in summer but not at all in winter.
A typical summer cycle is 21 days:
5 days oestrus
16 days dioestrus
ovulation occurs 24-28 hours before the end of oestrus

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2
Q

What does decreasing day length result in a mare non-pregnant?

A

Ovarian shut down

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3
Q

When do mares start to cycle in the southern hemisphere?

A

late Sept or early Oct. First oestrus usually lasts 10-12 days. Often infertile without ovulation this oestrus.

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4
Q

What is the mare’s gestation length?

A

340 days

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5
Q

In order to produce a foal annually, when must she conceive?

A

Within 25 days of giving birth

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6
Q

When does foal heat occur?

A

Less than 10 days after foaling. Early embryonic death is much higher in mares served on the foal heat.

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7
Q

When should a mare not be serviced during foal heat?

A

Retain foetal membranes or trauma from giving birth.

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8
Q

How do you delay foal heat?

A

Daily dosing with progestagen or “short cycling” the mare (shorten the dioestrus after foal heat by destroying the 5 day old corpus luteum with prostaglandins. This way you don’t have to wait 3 weeks for the next oestrus after foal heat.

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9
Q

When is a TB’s birthday?

A

1st August

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10
Q

When is there pressure to produce TB foals? Why?

A

To obtain perceived advantage of size over other competitors of the same age. There is pressure to produce TB foal as soon after 1st of August as possible. Not compatible with normal equine reproductive physiology.

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11
Q

When does the AUS SB industry determine racing age from?

A

1st Sept.

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12
Q

When do studs in AUS start serving mares?

A

5th September (stop serving 31 December)

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13
Q

What is a maiden mare?

A

One that has not yet produced a foal

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14
Q

When do studs place mares under lights?

A

Need 10 weeks of artificial lengthened days from 1st of July. 25 mares in yard 40 m x 40 m with flood lights of 100 lux at eye level. Go on at dusk and stay on until 11 pm giving 16 hours light/ 8 hours dark daily. They will ovulate by 5th of september. Mare can’t be able to hide from the light. Do not feed while restricted in close quarters.

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15
Q

What do mares do in oestrus?

A

Carry their tail raised, evert clitoris from clitoral fossa “winking,” void small amounts of urine frequently, stand in close proximity to another mare

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16
Q

What diameter will follicles reach before they ovulate in mares?

A

4.5 cm

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17
Q

Follicles grow at what rate per day in mares?

A

3 to 5 mm / day

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18
Q

How often do you check ovaries of mares in oestrus?

A

Every 2nd day

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19
Q

How long is ovum viable after ovulation in mares?

A

12 hours

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20
Q

When is the optimal time to serve a mare?

A

Several hours before ovulation. Sperm can survive in the mare’s genital tract so better to serve earlier rather than later.

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21
Q

At what follicle diameter should a mare be bred the next day?

A

3.5 cm

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22
Q

What does GnRH do in mares?

A

Encourage ovulation (Ovuplant). Placed subcutaneously in a mare with a follicle > 3.0 cm will induce ovulation within 48 hours.

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23
Q

When are uterine swabs collected in mares?

A

Early oestrus as mare’s cervix is only open during oestrus. Bacteriological sample for the stallion’s stud.

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24
Q

When do service fees become due?

A

once a single 45 day pregnancy is confirmed.

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25
Q

When can a twin be crushed in mares?

A

Before day 16. After day 16, only if they are on separate uterine horns. After 16 days, you can eliminate both (crushing or prostaglandin injection) or hope one will spontaneously regress (rare after day 30).

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26
Q

If both twins are aborted by what day, the mare will start cycling again?

A

By day 35

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27
Q

When is it standard to check for twins in mares?

A

Day 14 and day 20-29

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28
Q

When should pregnant mares be vaccinated for EHV1? Why?

A

Cause sporadic abortions. in the 5th, 7th and 9th months of pregnancy should be vaccinated.

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29
Q

What is Caslick’s procedure?

A

On broodmares with poor vulval conformation, to reduce the incidence of ascending genital tract infections. Removing a thin strip of tissue from top edges of the vulval lips and then stitching them together. Opened two weeks before foal is due.

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30
Q

What boosters should be giving before foaling?

A

Tetanus and strangles boosters 4 weeks prior to foaling to ensure high circulating antibody levels to these pathogens when forming colostrum.

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31
Q

What diet wise should be done to prepare for foaling?

A

Dietary roughage is reduced one to two weeks prior to minimize risk of caecal or colonic rupture during second stage of labour.

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32
Q

When are most foals born?

A

At night. When left alone between 8pm and midnight; when inspected between midnight and 6am

33
Q

What is the first stage of labour like in mares?

A

4 hours prior to delivery myometrial activity increases. Foetus alters position from dosopubic (lying on its back with knees flexed and head between its knees) it rolls over to lie on its sternum (dorsosacral position) and extends its head and forelimbs. Foetus passes through the cervix rupturing the chorioallantoic membranes and releasing a large volume of foetal fluid. Marks the end of the first stage.

34
Q

What does the mare do during the first stage of labour?

A

Isolate herself, patchy sweating, restless, abdominal discomfort, rolling, dilate her cervix

35
Q

What is the second stage of labour in mares?

A

Short and explosive. Once the chorioallantoic membranes have burst, the foal may be visualized. A head and two front feet should be presented. May still be in the amnion (white sac). If a red sac is seen, this is the unruptured chorioallantois, should be ruptured first. Most mares deliver in lateral recumbency, or while standing. 20 minutes of 2nd stage of labor starting but may take an hour. If not, then the foal may die.

36
Q

What is the third stage of labour in mares?

A

Foetal membrane should pass within 3 hours of birth. Check that all membranes from both urterine horns have been passed.

37
Q

How many mares can a stallion serve per day?

A
  1. (6 hour interval between) Top ranking stallions 150-200 mares booked per season.
38
Q

How long does the breeding season last in mares?

A

117 days. 5 sept- 31 dec- most breeding is done Oct/Nov

39
Q

How much do foals weigh when they are birthed?

A

10% of the mother’s body weight. 500 kg TB, 50 kg foal.

40
Q

What is normal with a foal?

A

Should be on their feet within 1 hour of birth, suckling within 2 hours of birth. Normal foal will suck about 7 times/ hr in the first week of life, second and third week 2-3 times/hr.

41
Q

How much colostrum does a 50 kg TB need?

A

2 L. Within the first 12-24 hours of life they can absorb the antibodies from colostrum.

42
Q

What is the next best colostrum to a colostrum bank for foals?

A

Bovine colostrum (bovine antibodies have a reduced half life in foals- 9 days vs. 24 days for equine colostrum antibodies and wont’ provide protection against specific equine microbes)

43
Q

How much lactose and fat does a mare’s milk contain? Vs. cow’s milk?

A

6% lactose. 1-2% fat. Cows milk is about 4% and 4%.

44
Q

Why is it important to worm mares before they give birth?

A

Foals are coprophagic from a few days of age. Foals themselves can be wormed from 4 weeks of age.

45
Q

When are foals vaccinated?

A

Normally after 3-4 months

46
Q

What are foals vaccinated against?

A

tetanus, strangles, equine herpes virus (1 & 4 combo), and Salmonella typhimurium, equine influenza (ONLY if exported overseas)

47
Q

Why is tetanus so important for horses?

A

2 initial injections four weeks apart- tetanus toxoid.
Horse faeces contains Clostridium tetani- high risk horses will be exposed- tetanus is caused by wound infections with anaerobic bacterium Clostridium tetani- mortality rate nearly 100%. Boosters are required every 5 years- but often given annually.

48
Q

What is Strangles?

A

Caused by bacterium Streptococcus equi. Highly contagious, abscess formation in URT lymph nodes. If retropharyngeal lymph nodes become too large they can block airway and cause death by asphyxiation. 3 initial injections two week intervals. Boosters annually.

49
Q

When should foals be vaccinated against Hendra Virus?

A

Older than 4 months. IM injection twice 21-42 days apart with 6 month booster injections.

50
Q

What is Equine Herpes Virus I & IV?

A

Cause contagious upper respiratory tract infections. Herpes Virus I can also cause contagious abortion in late pregnant mares.

51
Q

What is Salmonella typhimurium?

A

Serious, sometimes fatal, contagious diarrhoea. Zoonosis.

52
Q

When are foals weaned?

A

6-8 months of age (some have survived weaned at 5 days). Gradual weaning (one to two mares removed every second day) vs. abrupt. Injury caused by foals trying to get through fences.

53
Q

When do horses reach puberty?

A

18-24 months of age. Usually do not breed until 3 years of age though. Separate colts and fillies at weaning normally.

54
Q

What are the most prestigious races in horse racing?

A

Group and Listed Races (group 1 Melb Cup)

55
Q

What is a Maiden?

A

A horse that has not won a flat race at a registered meeting

56
Q

What are Class x races?

A

Races restricted to horses that have not won more than 1-6 races respectively.

57
Q

What is a restricted race?

A

A maiden race or Class 1-6 race

58
Q

What is a furlong?

A

1/8 mile. Approx 200 meters

59
Q

What is even pace, 3/4 pace, full pace?

A

13.3 m/sec (15 sec/furlong); 15.4 m/sec (13 sec per/furlong); 16.7 m/sec (12 sec/furlong)

60
Q

When are race records set?

A

Horse hitting 11 seconds/ furlong (18.2 m/sec)

61
Q

How are tracks classified?

A

Fast, good, dead, slow, or heavy with increasing moisture content

62
Q

Which is better odds of 10 to 1 or odds of 10 to 1 on?

A

Odds of 10 to 1

63
Q

What is a sulky or gig?

A

Pull cart

64
Q

In harness racing, what is the majority of races in AUS?

A

Pacing

65
Q

What is the “mile rate”?

A

The time it would take a horse to pace or trot a mile if it were traveling at its avg. speed the whole race

66
Q

What is hanging?

A

Head to one side- leaves lugging pole marks. Often painful limb.

67
Q

What does a Principle Club do?

A

Control TB racing. Racing VIC e.g.

68
Q

What does a Principle Club appointed steward do?

A

Control TB race meetings within the state, control conduct of all race officials, punish people breaching rules of racing

They can search the premises, search any licensed persons, examine horses on the premises, suspend a horse, revoke a license, stand down officials

69
Q

What horses cannot run in races by age?

A

Yearlings cannot. 2 year olds can start after 1st October in the year they turn 2 (1st August they turn 2)

70
Q

What is the TB Stud Book?

A

TB horses registered- valid service declaration form from the stallion owner, valid mare return, DNA analysis, foals clearly branded, microchip

71
Q

How long does a horse have to be trained before it can run in a race?

A

28 days. 12 weeks of training normally.

72
Q

How much does horse racing contribute to the Australian economy?

A

6.3 billion

73
Q

When did the first horses come to AUS?

A

1788

74
Q

How many feral horses in AUS?

A

400,000 (well over this number of feral donkeys)

75
Q

What is Eventing?

A

A single horse and rider compete in dressage, endurance, and show jumping (one day or three day event)

76
Q

How long are endurance rides?

A

40-160 km. Arabian and Arabian Xbred are most common competitors.

77
Q

What is trotting?

A

Legs forward in diagonal pairs (right front and left hind together strike)

78
Q

What is pacing?

A

Legs laterally (Australia, Canada, NZ, UK, and US) Harness racing. (right front and right hind together). Faster than trotting and less likely to break a stride. Natural gait for many SB horses.

79
Q

What is Harness racing?

A

Anti-clockwise 1609 m (1 mile) to 2650 m races. A G Hunter Cup run over longer distances. Harness Racing Australia. Harness Racing VIC. Sulky and driver. Australasian Pacers Grand Circuit is a Group 1 event.

Animal Health Production Systems (14 decks)

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