General AHPS Flashcards
Why do most industries have some sort of research body?
- Can produce significant returns on financial investment
- Research is vital to maintain industry competitiveness
- Some industry funds are matched by public monies (e.g. some funding to MLA and AWI) (govt. funding)
(CSIRO & INRA)
What are Cooperative Research Centres?
CRCs- Govt/ industry: CRCs in AUS provide funding to build critical mass in research ventures between end-users and researchers, tackle challenges for end users, pursue innovative solutions to these challenges
e.g. Australian Seafood, Sheep Industry Innovation, Internationally Competitive Pork Industry, Invasive Animals, Beef Genetic Technologies, Dairy Futures, Future Farm Industries, Poultry
What is the role of Peak councils- agro-political bodies?
Representative structure to liaise and influence govt. or regulatory bodies, improve commo with other peak bodies (e.g. Sheep meats council and Cattle council in AUS), funding model- compulsory v. voluntary levy, common to most agricultural pursuits (e.g. National Cattlemens Association in the USA)
Who are some govt. bodies in the regulatory sector?
APVMA, DPI
Who are some govt. decision at the commonwealth level?
PIMC/PISC, OIE
Peak rural bodies?
Cattle council, SMC
Who are research providers?
CSIRO and Universities
Who are research funders?
DA, MLA, AWI, RIRDC
What is the bovine gestation period?
283 days
What is the ovine gestation period?
145
What is the caprine gestation period?
150
What is the cervine (Red) gestation period?
250
What is the equine gestation period?
336
What is the canine gestation period?
63
What is the feline gestation period?
63
What is the chicken gestation period?
22
What is the porcine gestation period?
115
What is the human gestation period?
260-290
Who are seasonal breeders?
Horses, temperate deer, goats, long woold British Breeds (e.g. Border Leicester)- young will be born at a favorable time of year so more likely to survive and pass on genes (pineal gland)
Who is less seasonal (relatively)?
Cattle, merino & most short wool British Breeds
When are dairy cattle joined?
6 to 15-18 months. Depends on heifer weight/ body condition score (BCS)
How long is cattle gestation?
282 days
When do you wean dairy cattle?
1-3 days (20-40 kg)
When do you wean beef cattle?
4-10 months (140-400 kg)
When do you join beef cattle?
15 months
How long is dairy cattle lactation?
305 days (10-11 months) Peak 5 weeks post calving. No milk 60 days pre-calving
When are dairy cattle mated?
80-90 days post calving
When are dairy cattle reared?
420 days (from weaning to mating) Must be fed milk or milk substitue initially (Rumen development at 6 weeks)
Are dairy cattle seasonal?
Less seasonal
When are sheep mated for the first time?
Body condition score 3
How long is sheep gestation?
145 days (5 months)
When are wool sheep weaned?
6-12 weeks (20-50 kg)
When are lambs weaned? (meat sheep)
8-16 weeks (about 20 kg)
How long is sheep lactation?
Mother’s milk decreases towards weaning
When are sheep mated?
Over 5 weeks (2 cycles)
How long is goat gestation?
151 days
When are goats in oestrust?
Spring (increase in daylight)
When is horse sexual maturity?
12-15 months
When are mares in oestrus?
Spring (increase in daylight)
How long is horse gestation?
320-365 days (336 days) (11 months)
When is horse weaning?
6-8 months (150-250kg)
When is foal heat?
5-12 days post foal
When is an alpaca mated?
Over 12 months (45 kg). Males 1-3 years old
When is an alpaca in oestrus?
Spring (increasing daylight)
How long is alpaca gestation?
335 days
How long until alpacas are weaned (crias)?
3-6 months
When are deer sexually mature?
15 months
When are temperate deer in oestrus?
Spring (increasing daylight).
How long is deer gestation?
250 days (252 days tropical)
When do temperate deer calve?
November/ December (Summer)
When do tropical deer calve?
Autumn/ Winter
When do temperate deer wean?
Before rut (autumn)
When is temperate deer mating time?
“rut”- males are aggressive. March- April
When is tropical deer mating time?
June to Feb.
When are salmon sexually mature?
After “smolt” 12-18 months (smolt= body chemistry change where they can live in saltwater).
Where do salmon lay there eggs?
Freshwater rivers.
When do eggs hatch?
6-12 weeks
When are broilers culled?
5-8 weeks
When are layers culled?
68-72 weeks
When are layers reared?
1 day- 16 weeks
How long is chicken gestation?
22 days
When is chicken sexual maturity?
17-18 weeks
When is dog sexual maturity?
4-6 months
When is cat sexual maturity?
6-9 months
When is dog oestrus?
Every 6 months
When is cat oestrus?
Spring
How long is dog and cat gestation?
63 days
How long until dog weaning?
6-8 weeks (3-5 kg)
When is pig sexual maturity?
30 weeks
When is pig oestrus?
Every 3 weeks
How long until pigs are weaned?
4 weeks (5-10 kg)
How long is pig lactation?
3-5 weeks
General rule on when males can mate?
1/2 their body weight
General rule on female ruminants when they can mate?
60% adult body weight
When are pigs off to slaughter?
22 weeks (85-95 kg LW)
What is the OECD?
International organization helping governments tackle the economic and social and governance challenges of a globalized economy
What govt. body regulates the use and registration of veterinary chemicals?
Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority.
Website where these chemicals can be located: Public Chemical Registration System
What is the withholding pd. and export slaughter interval for AVOMEC roundworm, liver fluke, and external parasiticide for cattle?
49 days for meat for human consumption; not to be used 140 days before slaughter for export
What is the dose for Zapp and how should it be applied?
Weight dependent dose. Single strip down the middle of the back between the pole and the butt of the tail.
What govt. dept. publishes reviews of agricultural economics?
DAFF- Dept. of Agricultural Forestry and Fisheries
What govt. dept. publishes reviews of Australian statistics ?
Australian Bureau of Statistics. MLA and ABS numbers can vary.
What levels of govt. are involved in the regulation of beef and sheep farm?
DEPI- State level
Where can breed information be found?
DEPI
Name three livestock agents that your farmer might use in Wangaratta.
Elders, Landmart, Peter Dargan Livestock Pty. Ltd.
Purchase insurance, farming supplies, equip., fertilizers, vaccinations, feed, supplements, transport, buying and selling of cattle, AI facilitation
A problem with genetics… who would do research on this problem?
Genetics Australia
What are the peak councils that would represent the property in Wangaratta?
Rural City of Wangaratta
What is super?
Superphosphate fertilizer- mostly phosphorous but also calcium and sulphur
Who sells super to AUS farmers?
Incitec Pivot Fertilizers, Yates
Where would you find further information about environmental constraints and variables?
DEPI, ABS, BOM (bureau of meteorology)
Who sets guidelines with respect to ID of livestock?
National Livestock Identification System (NLIS)
Where would the tags come from?
DEPI
