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Animal Health Production Systems > Dairy > Flashcards

Dairy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the dairy cow cycle?

A

Insemination, pregnancy, parturition, and lactation, followed by a dry period of about 2 months which allows udder tissue to regenerate

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2
Q

What are the main two parts of the dairy operation in regards to the cows themselves?

A

Milk production and calves to be reared as future replacements. Bull calves are sold at about 4 days of age or castrated and raised as steers for beef production (dry umbilical cord, in VIC they must be ear tagged)

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3
Q

What percent of Australian milk is exported?

A

55%

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4
Q

Where is 80% of Australian milk sent?

A

Asia and the Middle East

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5
Q

What is the avg. annual milk production per cow in AUS?

A

5,445 litres

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6
Q

When does milk production peak in Australia?

A

October because of seasons and rain and feed.

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7
Q

Why is a tight calving period important for dairy cows?

A

Late calving cows spend a smaller period of their time at high levels of production because cows reach a peak of production after 6-8 weeks of milking, maintaining a level of production for 2-3 months depending on feed availability.

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8
Q

What is split calving?

A

Herds that calve in two or three distinct periods each year; commonly spring and autumn. Particularly common in non-irrigation areas; production of milk year round- more efficient for manufacturers

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9
Q

What are the consequences of a non-pregnant cow (3)?

A

Culling the cow, carrying a dry cow over a whole season, milking the stale cow through

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10
Q

What are the benefits of year round calving in dairy cows?

A

Fewer cows sold as empty or late, more rapid genetic gain, less resources directed at correlating poor performance, more calves

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11
Q

What is the benefit of heavier heifers in dairy cows?

A

Reach puberty at a younger age, calve earlier, compete well, cycle earlier, and have higher peak milk yield, longer lactations and have superior lifetime production

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12
Q

What does colostrum provide in dairy cows? How much does the baby need in dairy cows?

A

Essential immunoglobulins (IgG)- immunity, excellent nutrient source, 5x protein, higher energy and vitamins than milk. 3.5-4 lit

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13
Q

What is the timing of colostrum? Max time and ideal time. Why?

A

has to be less than 12 hrs, ideally between 2-4 hours. Due to intestine failing to absorb intact macromolecules after 12-24 hours.

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14
Q

How do you assess adequacy of passive transfer in dairy cows?

A

take blood from calves 24-48 hours old and up to 7 days of age. Adequate IgG> 12 gm/L
Failure passive transfer IgG< 8 gm/L
Partial failure IgG 8 gm/L

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15
Q

When does the rumen develop in dairy cows?

A

6-8 weeks

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16
Q

How much protein does a calf need in dairy cows?

A

20-22%

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17
Q

How much volume of milk should a calf be fed daily?

A

10-12% body weight; twice daily for 1st week then once daily thereafter

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18
Q

When do you start feeding dairy cows grain?

A

From 1st week of life (small amount fresh daily), ad lib access to water, feed starter composition 18-20% crude protein

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19
Q

When are calves weaned in dairy cows?

A

1-3 days really.

6-8 weeks, weight 70-80 kg, intake 0.75-1.5 kg/day (best method)

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20
Q

What are the causes of calf scours?

A 
Dietary- undigested milk in SI unclotted
1st week- E. coli
1-2 weeks- Salmonellosis
1st month- Cryptosporidosis
Viral- Rotavirus causes watery yellow diarrhoea
>3 weeks- Coccidiosis
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21
Q

What are some problems associated with undersized heifers?

A

Calving problems, produce less milk, and have greater problems getting back in calf during 1st lactation

22
Q

When does the rumen reach mature capacity?

A

5 or 6 months of age.

23
Q

When are foetal membranes expelled in dairy cows?

A

Within 12 hours of calving (sometimes 2-7 days)

24
Q

What do farmers in SE Australia feed their cows?

A

Mostly pasture (75% of diet) of daily dry matter intake, grain, concentrates, or grain mixes

25
Q

A cow in peak lactation requires how much DM per day?

A

18-20 kg of DM/day

26
Q

What is the stocking rate for lactating dairy cows?

A

2.5-3 cows per Ha

27
Q

WHat is ideal grazing in terms of grass DM/Ha for dairy cattle?

A

2000-3000 DM/Ha

28
Q

What is the benefit of supplementary feeding in dairy cows?

A

Increasing amount of milk production per cow and also increase milk fat and protein levels

29
Q

What is the recommended levels for action in regards to mastitis?

A

Bulk Milk Cell Count above 250,000 cells/ mL OR 5 clinical cases per 100 cows in the 30 days after calving OR 2 clinical cases per 100 cows per month during lactation OR 5 new infections per 100 cows in milk

30
Q

What is the target weight for a Jersey cow?

A

300-320 kg

31
Q

What is the target weight for a Friesian cow?

A

350-400 kg at 15 months

32
Q

How many lactations in a cow’s lifetime in dairy cows?

A

6 lactations

33
Q

What are some of the signs of heat in a cow?

A

sniffing other cows, mounting, mucus discharge, behaviour changes, squirting urine frequently, swollen volva, turn her head to her flank

34
Q

How long does oestrus last in dairy cows?

A

1-2 hours to 28 hours

35
Q

When does ovulation occur in dairy cows?

A

12 hours after oestrus

36
Q

When does prostaglandin produce oestrus in dairy cows if given between day 6-15 of the cycle?

A

2.5-5 days after injection

37
Q

What is another option other than prostaglandin to induce oestrus in dairy cows?

A

Progestagens (e.g. CIDRs) problem is that fertility synchronization may be compromised

38
Q

What is the 21 day submission rate in dairy cows?

A

Is the proportion of the herd detected in oestrus and submitted to service in the first 3 weeks of mating. Depends on whether the cows are cycling, whether the cycling cows are on heat, whether those cows on heat are actually mated
86% is achievable

39
Q

6 week in calf or pregnancy rate in dairy cows?

21 week in calf rate?

A

Number of cows that were diagnosed as pregnant during first 6 weeks of mating period divided by number of cows in the herd (71 % achievable)
* number of cows which conceived during first 21 weeks of mating/ number of cows in the herd (92% achievable)

40
Q

How many bulls for how many not pregnant females (mop up bull)?

A

1 bull for 30 not pregnant females

41
Q

What percentage of dairy farmers use AI?

A

84% (lower for year round calving herds and small herds)

42
Q

What is the conception rate in dairy cows?

A

Percentage of services that resulted in pregnancy (target 53%)

43
Q

What is the non-return rate in dairy cows?

A

Estimate of conception rate based on proportion of cows for which no subsequent oestrus detected in a specified time (target >65%)

44
Q

What is the size of the national dairy herd?

A

1.63 million

45
Q

How many registered dairy farms in AUS?

A

6,700

46
Q

Where does dairying occur?

A

Follows higher rainfall belt along southern and eastern coasts of Australia

47
Q

What percent of the world trade does Australia account for in dairy products?

A

7%. Only 2% of the world milk production. Principal exports are skim milk powder, cheese, butter and whole milk powder.

48
Q

How many litres of milk produced in AUS in 2012?

A

9480 million Liters

49
Q

What is the average dairy cow herd size?

A

240 cows

50
Q

What percentage is seasonal calving, split calving, and year round?

A

seasonal calving- 36%, split calving- 33%, year round 32%

51
Q

Where is the VIC dairy industry?

A

Western District (dryland)- major dairy region in AUS, Gippsland (dryland)- eastern VIC (land prices taking a toll), Northern VIC (irrigation)- formerly most productive region but had a drought

52
Q

What is seasonal calving?

A

Calve whole herd in about 10-12 week period (spring or autumn)- pasture growth is seasonal.

Animal Health Production Systems (14 decks)

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