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Anatomy > Horse Head Lab > Flashcards

Horse Head Lab Flashcards

1
Q

Autonomous zone for lower lip

A

Mental n

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2
Q

Autonomous zone for upper lip/nose

A

Infraorbital n

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3
Q

Autonomous zone for “bridge” of nose

A

Infratrochlear n

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4
Q

Autonomous zone for “forehead”

A

Supraorbital n

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5
Q

Autonomous zone for jaw/cheek

A

Transverse facial branch of auriculotemporal n

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6
Q

Muscular boundaries of the jugular groove

A

Sternomandibularis/Sternocephalicus
Brachiocephalicus
Omohyoideus

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7
Q

Viborg triangle boundaries and importance

A

Cranially-Ramus of mandible
Ventrally-Linguofacial v
Dorsocaudally-Tendon of sternomandibularis/sternocephalicus

It is a region in the lateral retropharyngeal area used for surgical access to the guttural pouch.

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8
Q

How can guttural pouch become infected?

A

If retropharyngeal LN become diseased due to mycotic infection.

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9
Q

What are four structures that can be damaged in the guttural pouch and the disease that results?

A

1-internal carotid a
–>epistaxis

2-CN IX, X
–>Difficulty swallowing

3-Costocervical ganglion
–>Horner’s syndrome

4-Retropharyngeal LN
–>Strangles

5-Middle ear infection

6-CN X
–>Laryngeal hemiplegia

7-Medial retropharyngeal LN
–>Streptococcus equ equi

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10
Q

Possible fxn of guttural pouch

A

Cooling of blood in the internal carotid a to the brain, especially during exercise.

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11
Q

Tracheotomy

-Where

A

Surgically opening the ventral surface of the trachea if there is proximal obstruction of the airway.

Perform between tracheal cartilages 4-6

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12
Q

What should you palpate if you expect Goiter due to iodine deficiency or cancer? What lymphocenters should you note for enlargement?

A

Palpate thyroid gland

Also see if superficial cervical lymphocenter and deep cervical lymphocenter are enlarged

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13
Q

What vasculature structures should you be aware of that can be easily damaged if horse runs straight into a fence?

A

Cephalic v and deltoid branch of superficial cervical a

They are btw descending pectoral and brachiocephalic m

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14
Q

Why should you avoid IM injection on dorsal surface of neck?

A

Presence of the crest which is heavy and touch CT mixed with fat.

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15
Q

What can be used for IM injection?

A

Descending pectoral

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16
Q

How can you treat crib-biting

-What is this surgery called

A

Bilateral neuroectomy of the ventral branch of the accessory n and resection of the sternohyoideus, sternothyroideus, and omohyoideus.

Modified Forrsell’s operation

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17
Q

How can you treat roaring?

A

Enter larynx through incision of cricothyroid ligament.

Cricoid ligament occupies thyroid notch and attaches caudally to the cricoid cartilage.

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18
Q

What v can you ventipuncture on side of neck?

A

External jugular v at cranial 1/2 of neck

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19
Q

What veins join to form external jugular v

A

Linguofacial and maxillary v

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20
Q

What muscle in neck protects internal carotid a

A

Omohyoideus

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21
Q

How can a horse get ataxia or wobbles

  • How to fix
  • Where to pay attention to
A

Malformation of the articular processes of cervical vertebrae

Fix by ventral approach through visceral space of neck

Pay attention to C3-C7

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22
Q

Fistulous withers

  • How
  • Importance
A

Infection involving supraspinous bursa located above spines of withers.

Can find Brucella abortus in lesion

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23
Q

What a can be used to take pulse

A

Facial a
Masseteric a
Transverse facial a

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24
Q

Importance of buccal branches of facial n

A

Prone to trauma and neoplams and paralysis of muscle if head is not properly padded during anesthesia.

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25
Q

What n would you block to prevent blinking of eye and how would you block it?

A

Auriculopalepbral branch of facial n

Base of ear at zygomatic arch or caudal end of zygomatic arch

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26
Q

Blocking infraoribital n would result in

A

Desensitization of deep structures of face to level of medial angle of eye, first two upper cheek teeth, canines, incisors.

Block via infraorbital foramen to reach infraorbital canal

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27
Q

Block lower lip via

A

Blocking mental n via mental foramen. Desensitization of canines and incisors

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28
Q

What tooth roots can project into maxillary sinus

A

Last three or four upper cheek teeth

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29
Q

Trephination

A

Removal of small disc of bone

Used to remove caudal cheek teeth using punch placed over the root of involved tooth

30
Q

Poll evil

A

Can spread from cranial nuchal bursa to neighboring meninges and spinal cord and result in nervous symptoms

To treat, resect funiculus part of nuchal ligament

31
Q

Dorsal displacement of the soft palate

A

Caudal edge of the soft palate rests on the epiglottis and hides the epiglottis and airflow is obstructed.

32
Q

Epiglottic entrapment

A

Xs amount of mucous membrane on rostral surface of epiglottis

33
Q

Laryngeal hemiplegia

  • AKA
  • What’s wrong
  • What’s affected
A

Roaring

Due to damage of left recurrent laryngeal n and theres partial paralysis of intrinsic laryngeal muscles
–>cricoarytenoideus dorsalis m

Once muscles paralyzed, vocal folds become loose and swing into air current that passes through glottis on inspiration-hints inspiratory “roar” due to stenosis and vibrations of free edge of focal fold

34
Q

How to treat laryngeal hemiplegia

A

Tie-back operation (prosthetic laryngoplasty)
–>Replaces paralyzed muscle with suture to hold affected cartilage back out of airway.

OR

Hobday
–>Eversion of the laryngeal ventricle to cause lateral adhesions of the vocal folds.

35
Q

Dental formula for permanent teeth

A

3,1,(3 or 4), 3 (total 40 or 42)

36
Q

Dental formula for deciduous teeth

A

3,0,3,0 (total 24)

37
Q

Vertebral formula

A

7,18,6,5,variable

38
Q

Where can you take the pulse from the facial a?

A

Vascular notch

39
Q

Nasal diverticulum

A

False nostril

In the upper commissure of the nostril above the alar cartilage

40
Q

Alar and basal folds

A

Ventral concha divided into dorsal alar fold and ventral basal fold

41
Q

Muscles of mastication (4)

A

Masseter
Temporalis
Digastricus (cranial, caudal, occipitomandibular bellies)
Lateral and medial pterygoid m

42
Q

Facial expression muscles (5)

A 
Levator labii superioris
Depressor labii inferioris 
Caninus
Levator nasolabialis
Orbicularis oris
43
Q

What muscle cover infraorbital foramen

A

Levator labii superioris

44
Q

What muscle covers the mental formen?

A

Depressor labii inferioris

45
Q

What is a v you can give I/V injections?

A

Caudal part of transverse facial v

46
Q

Function of buccal v

A

Dilations may act as pump to prevent venous blood stagnation when animal is grazing

47
Q

Lower teeth anesthesia

A

Inferior alveolar n

48
Q

Lower lip anesthesia

A

Mental n

49
Q

Supraorbital n is branch of

A

Opthalmic branch of V

50
Q

What’s difference between sublingual salivary gland between dog and horse

A

Horse= polystomatic (diffused form)

Dog=polystomatic and monostomatic form

51
Q

Conchofrontal sinus boundaries

A

Caudal=Transverse plane through zygomatic process of frontal bone

Rostral=Transverse plane midway btw rostral margin of infraorbital foramen and orbit

Medial=Line 2cm lateral and parallel to dorsal midline

Lateral=Line connecting supraorbital foramen with rostral end of medial limit of orbit

52
Q

Maxillary sinus boundaries

A

Caudal=Rostral border of orbit

Rostral=Line from rostral end of facial crest to infraorbital foramen

Ventral=Facial crest

Dorsal=Line from infraorbital foramen parallel to facial crest

53
Q

Basihyoid is insertion point for

A

Mylohyoideus
Sternohyoideus
Omohyoideus

54
Q

What innervates most of the laryngeal m (exception)

A

Caudal laryngeal n

Exception=cricothyroideus
–>Cranial laryngeal n

55
Q

Name some pharyngeal m

A

Cricopharyngeus

Thyropharyngeus

56
Q

Name some laryngeal m

A

Cricothyroideus m

Cricoarytenoideus m

57
Q

External fibrous coat of eye

A

Sclera and cornea

58
Q

Middle vascular layer of eye

A

choroid + ciliary body + iris

59
Q

Enamel spot

A

Base of cup or remnant of infundibulum

60
Q

Dental star

A

Mark formed by secondary dentine (darker than primary dentine)

61
Q

Hook appears

A

Generally 7yrs` or 11 yrs

62
Q

What allows a surgical entrance to larynx

A

cricothyroid ligament

63
Q

Timeline for galvayne’s groove

A 
Appears on upper 13 at 10yrs
Halway down at 15yrs
Complete at 20
Distal half at 25
Gone at 30
64
Q

Eruption time for incisor

A

6 days-central
6 weeks-intermediate
6 months-corner

65
Q

Eruption time for permanent teeth (incisors)

when do they come into wear?

A
  1. 5=central
  2. 5=intermediate
  3. 5=corner

Come into wear .5 year

66
Q

Canine eruption

A

3.5-5 yrs

67
Q

When is cup gone for lower permanent incisors?

A

6 yr-center
7 yr-intermediate
8 yr- corner

68
Q

When does dental star appear in lower incisors?

A

8 yr= center
9 yr=intermediate
10 yr= corner

69
Q

What separates external jugular v and internal carotid a

A

omohyoideus

70
Q

Nuchal ligament parts

A

funicular and laminar

71
Q

Where are the cranial and caudal nuchal bursa?

A

Cranial nuchal bursa= btw funicular and atlas

Caudal nuchal bursa=btw funicular and axis

72
Q

Contents of carotid sheeth

A

Vagosympathetic trunk
Common carotid a
Recurrent laryngeal n

Anatomy (14 decks)

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