Horse Head Lab Flashcards
Autonomous zone for lower lip
Mental n
Autonomous zone for upper lip/nose
Infraorbital n
Autonomous zone for “bridge” of nose
Infratrochlear n
Autonomous zone for “forehead”
Supraorbital n
Autonomous zone for jaw/cheek
Transverse facial branch of auriculotemporal n
Muscular boundaries of the jugular groove
Sternomandibularis/Sternocephalicus
Brachiocephalicus
Omohyoideus
Viborg triangle boundaries and importance
Cranially-Ramus of mandible
Ventrally-Linguofacial v
Dorsocaudally-Tendon of sternomandibularis/sternocephalicus
It is a region in the lateral retropharyngeal area used for surgical access to the guttural pouch.
How can guttural pouch become infected?
If retropharyngeal LN become diseased due to mycotic infection.
What are four structures that can be damaged in the guttural pouch and the disease that results?
1-internal carotid a
–>epistaxis
2-CN IX, X
–>Difficulty swallowing
3-Costocervical ganglion
–>Horner’s syndrome
4-Retropharyngeal LN
–>Strangles
5-Middle ear infection
6-CN X
–>Laryngeal hemiplegia
7-Medial retropharyngeal LN
–>Streptococcus equ equi
Possible fxn of guttural pouch
Cooling of blood in the internal carotid a to the brain, especially during exercise.
Tracheotomy
-Where
Surgically opening the ventral surface of the trachea if there is proximal obstruction of the airway.
Perform between tracheal cartilages 4-6
What should you palpate if you expect Goiter due to iodine deficiency or cancer? What lymphocenters should you note for enlargement?
Palpate thyroid gland
Also see if superficial cervical lymphocenter and deep cervical lymphocenter are enlarged
What vasculature structures should you be aware of that can be easily damaged if horse runs straight into a fence?
Cephalic v and deltoid branch of superficial cervical a
They are btw descending pectoral and brachiocephalic m
Why should you avoid IM injection on dorsal surface of neck?
Presence of the crest which is heavy and touch CT mixed with fat.
What can be used for IM injection?
Descending pectoral
How can you treat crib-biting
-What is this surgery called
Bilateral neuroectomy of the ventral branch of the accessory n and resection of the sternohyoideus, sternothyroideus, and omohyoideus.
Modified Forrsell’s operation
How can you treat roaring?
Enter larynx through incision of cricothyroid ligament.
Cricoid ligament occupies thyroid notch and attaches caudally to the cricoid cartilage.
What v can you ventipuncture on side of neck?
External jugular v at cranial 1/2 of neck
What veins join to form external jugular v
Linguofacial and maxillary v
What muscle in neck protects internal carotid a
Omohyoideus
How can a horse get ataxia or wobbles
- How to fix
- Where to pay attention to
Malformation of the articular processes of cervical vertebrae
Fix by ventral approach through visceral space of neck
Pay attention to C3-C7
Fistulous withers
- How
- Importance
Infection involving supraspinous bursa located above spines of withers.
Can find Brucella abortus in lesion
What a can be used to take pulse
Facial a
Masseteric a
Transverse facial a
Importance of buccal branches of facial n
Prone to trauma and neoplams and paralysis of muscle if head is not properly padded during anesthesia.
What n would you block to prevent blinking of eye and how would you block it?
Auriculopalepbral branch of facial n
Base of ear at zygomatic arch or caudal end of zygomatic arch
Blocking infraoribital n would result in
Desensitization of deep structures of face to level of medial angle of eye, first two upper cheek teeth, canines, incisors.
Block via infraorbital foramen to reach infraorbital canal
Block lower lip via
Blocking mental n via mental foramen. Desensitization of canines and incisors
What tooth roots can project into maxillary sinus
Last three or four upper cheek teeth
Trephination
Removal of small disc of bone
Used to remove caudal cheek teeth using punch placed over the root of involved tooth
Poll evil
Can spread from cranial nuchal bursa to neighboring meninges and spinal cord and result in nervous symptoms
To treat, resect funiculus part of nuchal ligament
Dorsal displacement of the soft palate
Caudal edge of the soft palate rests on the epiglottis and hides the epiglottis and airflow is obstructed.
Epiglottic entrapment
Xs amount of mucous membrane on rostral surface of epiglottis
Laryngeal hemiplegia
- AKA
- What’s wrong
- What’s affected
Roaring
Due to damage of left recurrent laryngeal n and theres partial paralysis of intrinsic laryngeal muscles
–>cricoarytenoideus dorsalis m
Once muscles paralyzed, vocal folds become loose and swing into air current that passes through glottis on inspiration-hints inspiratory “roar” due to stenosis and vibrations of free edge of focal fold
How to treat laryngeal hemiplegia
Tie-back operation (prosthetic laryngoplasty)
–>Replaces paralyzed muscle with suture to hold affected cartilage back out of airway.
OR
Hobday
–>Eversion of the laryngeal ventricle to cause lateral adhesions of the vocal folds.
Dental formula for permanent teeth
3,1,(3 or 4), 3 (total 40 or 42)
Dental formula for deciduous teeth
3,0,3,0 (total 24)
Vertebral formula
7,18,6,5,variable
Where can you take the pulse from the facial a?
Vascular notch
Nasal diverticulum
False nostril
In the upper commissure of the nostril above the alar cartilage
Alar and basal folds
Ventral concha divided into dorsal alar fold and ventral basal fold
Muscles of mastication (4)
Masseter
Temporalis
Digastricus (cranial, caudal, occipitomandibular bellies)
Lateral and medial pterygoid m
Facial expression muscles (5)
Levator labii superioris Depressor labii inferioris Caninus Levator nasolabialis Orbicularis oris
What muscle cover infraorbital foramen
Levator labii superioris
What muscle covers the mental formen?
Depressor labii inferioris
What is a v you can give I/V injections?
Caudal part of transverse facial v
Function of buccal v
Dilations may act as pump to prevent venous blood stagnation when animal is grazing
Lower teeth anesthesia
Inferior alveolar n
Lower lip anesthesia
Mental n
Supraorbital n is branch of
Opthalmic branch of V
What’s difference between sublingual salivary gland between dog and horse
Horse= polystomatic (diffused form)
Dog=polystomatic and monostomatic form
Conchofrontal sinus boundaries
Caudal=Transverse plane through zygomatic process of frontal bone
Rostral=Transverse plane midway btw rostral margin of infraorbital foramen and orbit
Medial=Line 2cm lateral and parallel to dorsal midline
Lateral=Line connecting supraorbital foramen with rostral end of medial limit of orbit
Maxillary sinus boundaries
Caudal=Rostral border of orbit
Rostral=Line from rostral end of facial crest to infraorbital foramen
Ventral=Facial crest
Dorsal=Line from infraorbital foramen parallel to facial crest
Basihyoid is insertion point for
Mylohyoideus
Sternohyoideus
Omohyoideus
What innervates most of the laryngeal m (exception)
Caudal laryngeal n
Exception=cricothyroideus
–>Cranial laryngeal n
Name some pharyngeal m
Cricopharyngeus
Thyropharyngeus
Name some laryngeal m
Cricothyroideus m
Cricoarytenoideus m
External fibrous coat of eye
Sclera and cornea
Middle vascular layer of eye
choroid + ciliary body + iris
Enamel spot
Base of cup or remnant of infundibulum
Dental star
Mark formed by secondary dentine (darker than primary dentine)
Hook appears
Generally 7yrs` or 11 yrs
What allows a surgical entrance to larynx
cricothyroid ligament
Timeline for galvayne’s groove
Appears on upper 13 at 10yrs Halway down at 15yrs Complete at 20 Distal half at 25 Gone at 30
Eruption time for incisor
6 days-central
6 weeks-intermediate
6 months-corner
Eruption time for permanent teeth (incisors)
when do they come into wear?
- 5=central
- 5=intermediate
- 5=corner
Come into wear .5 year
Canine eruption
3.5-5 yrs
When is cup gone for lower permanent incisors?
6 yr-center
7 yr-intermediate
8 yr- corner
When does dental star appear in lower incisors?
8 yr= center
9 yr=intermediate
10 yr= corner
What separates external jugular v and internal carotid a
omohyoideus
Nuchal ligament parts
funicular and laminar
Where are the cranial and caudal nuchal bursa?
Cranial nuchal bursa= btw funicular and atlas
Caudal nuchal bursa=btw funicular and axis
Contents of carotid sheeth
Vagosympathetic trunk
Common carotid a
Recurrent laryngeal n
