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Horse Head Lab Flashcards

1
Q

Autonomous zone for lower lip

A

Mental n

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2
Q

Autonomous zone for upper lip/nose

A

Infraorbital n

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3
Q

Autonomous zone for “bridge” of nose

A

Infratrochlear n

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4
Q

Autonomous zone for “forehead”

A

Supraorbital n

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5
Q

Autonomous zone for jaw/cheek

A

Transverse facial branch of auriculotemporal n

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6
Q

Muscular boundaries of the jugular groove

A

Sternomandibularis/Sternocephalicus
Brachiocephalicus
Omohyoideus

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7
Q

Viborg triangle boundaries and importance

A

Cranially-Ramus of mandible
Ventrally-Linguofacial v
Dorsocaudally-Tendon of sternomandibularis/sternocephalicus

It is a region in the lateral retropharyngeal area used for surgical access to the guttural pouch.

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8
Q

How can guttural pouch become infected?

A

If retropharyngeal LN become diseased due to mycotic infection.

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9
Q

What are four structures that can be damaged in the guttural pouch and the disease that results?

A

1-internal carotid a
–>epistaxis

2-CN IX, X
–>Difficulty swallowing

3-Costocervical ganglion
–>Horner’s syndrome

4-Retropharyngeal LN
–>Strangles

5-Middle ear infection

6-CN X
–>Laryngeal hemiplegia

7-Medial retropharyngeal LN
–>Streptococcus equ equi

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10
Q

Possible fxn of guttural pouch

A

Cooling of blood in the internal carotid a to the brain, especially during exercise.

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11
Q

Tracheotomy

-Where

A

Surgically opening the ventral surface of the trachea if there is proximal obstruction of the airway.

Perform between tracheal cartilages 4-6

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12
Q

What should you palpate if you expect Goiter due to iodine deficiency or cancer? What lymphocenters should you note for enlargement?

A

Palpate thyroid gland

Also see if superficial cervical lymphocenter and deep cervical lymphocenter are enlarged

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13
Q

What vasculature structures should you be aware of that can be easily damaged if horse runs straight into a fence?

A

Cephalic v and deltoid branch of superficial cervical a

They are btw descending pectoral and brachiocephalic m

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14
Q

Why should you avoid IM injection on dorsal surface of neck?

A

Presence of the crest which is heavy and touch CT mixed with fat.

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15
Q

What can be used for IM injection?

A

Descending pectoral

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16
Q

How can you treat crib-biting

-What is this surgery called

A

Bilateral neuroectomy of the ventral branch of the accessory n and resection of the sternohyoideus, sternothyroideus, and omohyoideus.

Modified Forrsell’s operation

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17
Q

How can you treat roaring?

A

Enter larynx through incision of cricothyroid ligament.

Cricoid ligament occupies thyroid notch and attaches caudally to the cricoid cartilage.

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18
Q

What v can you ventipuncture on side of neck?

A

External jugular v at cranial 1/2 of neck

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19
Q

What veins join to form external jugular v

A

Linguofacial and maxillary v

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20
Q

What muscle in neck protects internal carotid a

A

Omohyoideus

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21
Q

How can a horse get ataxia or wobbles

  • How to fix
  • Where to pay attention to
A

Malformation of the articular processes of cervical vertebrae

Fix by ventral approach through visceral space of neck

Pay attention to C3-C7

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22
Q

Fistulous withers

  • How
  • Importance
A

Infection involving supraspinous bursa located above spines of withers.

Can find Brucella abortus in lesion

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23
Q

What a can be used to take pulse

A

Facial a
Masseteric a
Transverse facial a

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24
Q

Importance of buccal branches of facial n

A

Prone to trauma and neoplams and paralysis of muscle if head is not properly padded during anesthesia.

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25
What n would you block to prevent blinking of eye and how would you block it?
Auriculopalepbral branch of facial n Base of ear at zygomatic arch or caudal end of zygomatic arch
26
Blocking infraoribital n would result in
Desensitization of deep structures of face to level of medial angle of eye, first two upper cheek teeth, canines, incisors. Block via infraorbital foramen to reach infraorbital canal
27
Block lower lip via
Blocking mental n via mental foramen. Desensitization of canines and incisors
28
What tooth roots can project into maxillary sinus
Last three or four upper cheek teeth
29
Trephination
Removal of small disc of bone Used to remove caudal cheek teeth using punch placed over the root of involved tooth
30
Poll evil
Can spread from cranial nuchal bursa to neighboring meninges and spinal cord and result in nervous symptoms To treat, resect funiculus part of nuchal ligament
31
Dorsal displacement of the soft palate
Caudal edge of the soft palate rests on the epiglottis and hides the epiglottis and airflow is obstructed.
32
Epiglottic entrapment
Xs amount of mucous membrane on rostral surface of epiglottis
33
Laryngeal hemiplegia - AKA - What's wrong - What's affected
Roaring Due to damage of left recurrent laryngeal n and theres partial paralysis of intrinsic laryngeal muscles -->cricoarytenoideus dorsalis m Once muscles paralyzed, vocal folds become loose and swing into air current that passes through glottis on inspiration-hints inspiratory "roar" due to stenosis and vibrations of free edge of focal fold
34
How to treat laryngeal hemiplegia
Tie-back operation (prosthetic laryngoplasty) -->Replaces paralyzed muscle with suture to hold affected cartilage back out of airway. OR Hobday -->Eversion of the laryngeal ventricle to cause lateral adhesions of the vocal folds.
35
Dental formula for permanent teeth
3,1,(3 or 4), 3 (total 40 or 42)
36
Dental formula for deciduous teeth
3,0,3,0 (total 24)
37
Vertebral formula
7,18,6,5,variable
38
Where can you take the pulse from the facial a?
Vascular notch
39
Nasal diverticulum
False nostril In the upper commissure of the nostril above the alar cartilage
40
Alar and basal folds
Ventral concha divided into dorsal alar fold and ventral basal fold
41
Muscles of mastication (4)
Masseter Temporalis Digastricus (cranial, caudal, occipitomandibular bellies) Lateral and medial pterygoid m
42
Facial expression muscles (5)
``` Levator labii superioris Depressor labii inferioris Caninus Levator nasolabialis Orbicularis oris ```
43
What muscle cover infraorbital foramen
Levator labii superioris
44
What muscle covers the mental formen?
Depressor labii inferioris
45
What is a v you can give I/V injections?
Caudal part of transverse facial v
46
Function of buccal v
Dilations may act as pump to prevent venous blood stagnation when animal is grazing
47
Lower teeth anesthesia
Inferior alveolar n
48
Lower lip anesthesia
Mental n
49
Supraorbital n is branch of
Opthalmic branch of V
50
What's difference between sublingual salivary gland between dog and horse
Horse= polystomatic (diffused form) Dog=polystomatic and monostomatic form
51
Conchofrontal sinus boundaries
Caudal=Transverse plane through zygomatic process of frontal bone Rostral=Transverse plane midway btw rostral margin of infraorbital foramen and orbit Medial=Line 2cm lateral and parallel to dorsal midline Lateral=Line connecting supraorbital foramen with rostral end of medial limit of orbit
52
Maxillary sinus boundaries
Caudal=Rostral border of orbit Rostral=Line from rostral end of facial crest to infraorbital foramen Ventral=Facial crest Dorsal=Line from infraorbital foramen parallel to facial crest
53
Basihyoid is insertion point for
Mylohyoideus Sternohyoideus Omohyoideus
54
What innervates most of the laryngeal m (exception)
Caudal laryngeal n Exception=cricothyroideus -->Cranial laryngeal n
55
Name some pharyngeal m
Cricopharyngeus | Thyropharyngeus
56
Name some laryngeal m
Cricothyroideus m | Cricoarytenoideus m
57
External fibrous coat of eye
Sclera and cornea
58
Middle vascular layer of eye
choroid + ciliary body + iris
59
Enamel spot
Base of cup or remnant of infundibulum
60
Dental star
Mark formed by secondary dentine (darker than primary dentine)
61
Hook appears
Generally 7yrs` or 11 yrs
62
What allows a surgical entrance to larynx
cricothyroid ligament
63
Timeline for galvayne's groove
``` Appears on upper 13 at 10yrs Halway down at 15yrs Complete at 20 Distal half at 25 Gone at 30 ```
64
Eruption time for incisor
6 days-central 6 weeks-intermediate 6 months-corner
65
Eruption time for permanent teeth (incisors) | when do they come into wear?
2. 5=central 3. 5=intermediate 4. 5=corner Come into wear .5 year
66
Canine eruption
3.5-5 yrs
67
When is cup gone for lower permanent incisors?
6 yr-center 7 yr-intermediate 8 yr- corner
68
When does dental star appear in lower incisors?
8 yr= center 9 yr=intermediate 10 yr= corner
69
What separates external jugular v and internal carotid a
omohyoideus
70
Nuchal ligament parts
funicular and laminar
71
Where are the cranial and caudal nuchal bursa?
Cranial nuchal bursa= btw funicular and atlas Caudal nuchal bursa=btw funicular and axis
72
Contents of carotid sheeth
Vagosympathetic trunk Common carotid a Recurrent laryngeal n

Anatomy (14 decks)

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