Hormones Flashcards
dwarf beans become pole beans
gibberellins
promotes seed dormancy
abscisic acid
overproduced in Cushing’s syndrome
cortisol
primary female sex hormone
estrogen
lacking in type I diabetes
insulin
light (esp blue) slows its release
melatonin
thickens the endometrium
estrogen
5-alpha reductase reduces it to DHT
testosterone
secreted in cell groups A8 to A14
dopamine
an excess causes bakanae
called foolish seedling disease
gibberellins
stimulate stem elongation
gibberellins
inhibit gibberellins (therefore growth)
abscisic acid
produced by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans
insulin
deficiency causes andropause
testosterone
raises blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts
parathyroid hormone
counteracts insulin and increases glycogenolysis
cortisol
responsible for the fight-or-flight response
epinephrine (adrenaline)
Estrone (E1) Estradiol (E2) Estriol (E3)
estrogen
stimulates egg/sperm production
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine
dopamine
receptors blocked by SERMs like tamoxifen (breast cancer treatments)
estrogen
transported by PIN proteins and bind to TIR1
auxins
inhibits TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone) secretion from the anterior pituitary
somatostatin
produces by Leydig cells in the testes
testosterone
suppresses hunger signals in the hypothalamus
leptin
indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) controls apical dominance
auxins
disulfide-linked A and B-chains (connected by C-peptide)
insulin
converted to estradiol by aromatase
testosterone
produced by hydroxylation and decarboxylation of tryptophan
serotonin
reuptake targeted by Prozac (fluoxetine) and Zoloft [SSRIs]
serotonin
stimulates bile release and promotes satiety
cholecystokinin (CCK)
secreted y the adrenal glands
epinephrine (adrenaline)
destruction of DELLA proteins required
gibberellins
“brake pedal” of the endocrine system
somatostatin
Charles Darwin and son Frances oat seedling experiment
auxins
made in enterochromaffin cells (lining of the GI tract)
serotonin
regulates appetite and mood
serotonin
converted from testosterone by aromatase
estrogen
produced by the hydroxylation and then methylation of dopamine
epinephrine (adrenaline)
increases Na⁺ reabsorption, K⁺ excretion, and water retention
aldosterone
converts inactive Vitamin D to active Vitamin D
parathyroid hormone
anti-inflammatory effects used to treat things like poison ivy
cortisol
PNMT converts norepinephrine to this
epinephrine (adrenaline)
cells become resistant to its effects in type II diabetes
insulin
raises the concentration of glucose in the bloodstream
glucagon
promote cell division in shoots and roots
cytokinins
slows down digestive processes by reducing GI hormone release
somatostatin
preceded by tyrosine and L-DOPA in catecholamine biosynthesis
dopamine
lowers blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclasts
calcitonin
inhibits growth hormone secretion from the pituitary
somatostatin
opposed by leptin and stimulates hunger
ghrelin
precursor to all other sex hormones
progesterone
counteracts the effects of glucagon
insulin
5-HT
serotonin
opposes ghrelin and inhibits hunger
leptin
key component of the HPA axis response
cortisol
promotes spermatogenesis
testosterone
induces glycogen synthesis and glucose absorption
insulin
develops male secondary sex characteristics
testosterone
inhibits prolactin secretion
dopamine
promotes glycogen synthesis in the liver, lowering blood glucose levels
insulin
involved in mood and addiction
dopamine
regulates menstral cycle
estrogen
made in the stomach
ghrelin
triggers contractions in the uterus
oxytocin
broken down by COMT in the prefrontal cortex
dopamine
promotes water retention in kidneys
vasopressin
stimulates acid secretion in the stomach
gastrin
controls molting and metamorphosis in insects
ecdysone
inhibited by beta-blockers
epinephrine (adrenaline)
produced in the pineal gland
melatonin
develops secondary female sex characteristics
estrogen
produced in the chromaffin cells
epinephrine (adrenaline)
used to treat menopause
estrogen
stimulates bicarbonate release from pancreas
secretin
discovered in coconut milk, zeatin
cytokinins
can stimulate glycogenolysis
epinephrine (adrenaline)
promotes leaf growth
gibberellins
regulates circadian rhythm and sleep
melatonin
opposes insulin
glucagon
promotes milk production
prolactin
used to cause vasoconstriction during anaphylaxis
epinephrine (adrenaline)
metabolized into 5-HIAA in the liver
serotonin
signals for the insertion of GLUT4 transporters into the cell membranes
insulin
triggers ovulation and testosterone production
luteinizing hormone (LH)
stress hormone
cortisol
promotes cell elongation, phototropism and gravitropism in plants
auxins
pleasure/reward neurotransmitter
dopamine
plays a role in movement regulation (deficiency in Parkinson’s disease)
dopamine
used as rooting powder
auxins
stimulate seed germination
gibberellins
GnRH negative feedback loop
testosterone
precursor to sex hormones
androgens
precursor L-DOPA given to Parkinson’s patients
dopamine
mimicked by isoflavones (soy) / PCBs / BPA
estrogen
used in Agent Orange (2,4-D)
auxins
leads to muscle growth and aggression
testosterone
made in adipose tissue (fat cells)
leptin
stronger ‘dihydro’ type (DHT)
testosterone
stored in the pancreas as hexamer stabilized by zinc
insulin
increases gastric acid secretion and can lead to ulcers
cortisol
loosens cell walls (acid growth hypothesis)
auxins
produced by the kidneys; stimulates red blood cell production
erythropoietin (EPO)
first protein to be sequenced by Frederick Sanger (51 amino acids)
insulin
stimulates cortisol release
ACTH
increases secretion of breast milk
oxytocin
closes the stomata
abscisic acid
“love hormone”
oxytocin
inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion in the pancreas
somatostatin
made in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex
cortisol
used to treat allergic reactions
epinephrine (adrenaline)
secreted by delta cells in both the duodenum and pancreas
somatostatin
thyroid hormones that increase metabolism
T3 & T4
