Biochemicals Flashcards
1
Q
molecular “switch” requiring G-proteins
A
GTP
2
Q
electron donor, carries energy to the ETC
A
NADH
3
Q
made by oxidative phosphorylation
A
ATP
4
Q
mainly produced in the mitochondria
A
ATP
5
Q
excess can lead to kidney stones (hypercalcemia)
A
Vitamin D (calciferol)
6
Q
excitatory neurotransmitter
A
glutamate
7
Q
fat-soluble viatamins
A
A, D, E, and K
8
Q
converted from ammonia in the liver
A
urea
9
Q
used by adenylyl cyclase to make cAMP
A
ATP
10
Q
catalyzes peptide bond formation
A
rRNA
11
Q
oligomycin blocks production by inhibiting the Fo channel
A
ATP
12
Q
transcribed by RNA pol II and processed by Drosha and Dicer
A
miRNA (micro)
13
Q
base-pairs with introns to catalyze splicing
A
snRNA (small nuclear)
14
Q
FAD/FMN precursor
A
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
15
Q
builds up in muscles after exercise
A
lactic acid
16
Q
converted to glucose in the liver (Cori cycle)
A
lactic acid
17
Q
combined with proteins to form ribosomal subunits (60S and 40S in eukaryotes)
A
rRNA
18
Q
needed to turn pyruvate into acetyl-CoA
A
Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
19
Q
antioxidant found in nuts and seeds
A
Vitamin E (tocopherol)
20
Q
pancreatic enzyme; protein digestion
A
trypsin
21
Q
tagged with radioactive P and S (Hershey-Chase exp)
A
DNA
22
Q
template for protein synthesis
A
mRNA (messenger)
23
Q
white rice diet can cause deficiency
A
Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
24
Q
product of fermentation of pyruvate
A
lactic acid
25
main inhibitory neurotransmitter
GABA
26
DNA is used as a template to create a complementary RNA molecule
transcription
27
stomach enzyme that digests proteins
pepsin
28
proton gradient and the electron transport chain
ATP
29
deficiency can result in beriberi ('wet' or 'dry')
Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
30
translated by ribosomes
mRNA (messenger)
31
names like U1, U2, U4, U5, U6.
snRNA (small nuclear)
32
mutations affect diseases like spinal muscular atrophy
snRNA (small nuclear)
33
stained by DAPI
DNA
34
electron acceptor in photosynthesis and biosynthesis
NADP
35
has 18S, 28S, 5.8S, and 5S subunits (eukaryotic)
rRNA
36
golden rice developed to fight deficiency (psy gene)
Vitamin A (retinol)
37
Chargaff’s rules
DNA
38
added to pyruvate before Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)
acetyl-CoA
39
needed to form rhodopsin from opsin
Vitamin A (retinol)
40
16S used in phylogenetics
rRNA
41
synthesized during transcription
mRNA (messenger)
42
CO(NH₂)₂
urea
43
electron acceptor in cellular respiration
NAD⁺
44
central cobalt ion
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
45
corn undergoes nixtamalization because it lacks this
Vitamin B3 (niacin)
46
product of glycolysis
pyruvate
47
most abundant type of RNA in the cell
rRNA
48
required to absorb calcium from food
Vitamin D (calciferol)
49
converted to acetyl-CoA for use in the Krebs cycle
pyruvate
50
contains anticodon region that base-pairs with codon
tRNA (transfer)
51
degraded in nonsense-mediated decay
mRNA (messenger)
52
precursor to NAD and NADP
Vitamin B3 (niacin)
53
isomerized from 11-cis state to an all-trans state by light
Vitamin A (retinol)
54
deficiency can lead to pellagra (4 Ds)
Vitamin B3 (niacin)
55
processed with 5' cap, poly-A tail, and splicing (eukaryotes)
mRNA (messenger)
56
brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation
tRNA (transfer)
57
mRNA is used to assemble a protein
translation
58
lack can cause osteomalacia, rickets, and osteoporosis
Vitamin D (calciferol)
59
a purine, ribose, and three phosphates
ATP
60
needed with ammonia and bicarbonate in the first step of urea process
ATP
61
used to counter cyanide poisoning.
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
62
given to alcoholics to prevent Wernicke's encephalopathy
Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
63
inhibited by Botox (Botulinum toxin) causing paralysis
acetylcholine
64
guinea pigs cannot make it
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
65
chemiosmosis
ATP
66
L-shaped tertiary structure
tRNA (transfer)
67
esterase inhibited by sarin gas
acetylcholine
68
absorption is facilitated by intrinsic factor
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
69
Linus Pauling advocated for megadoses
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
70
found in sour dairy products
lactic acid
71
provides 'umami' flavor in foods
glutamate
72
produced by RNA polymerase II (eukaryotes)
mRNA (messenger)
73
reacts with malonic esters to form barbituric acids
urea
74
involved in splicing of pre-mRNA
snRNA (small nuclear)
75
activates blood clotting
Vitamin K
76
"energy currency" for cells
ATP
77
maximum yield of 38 molecules during cellular respiration (Krebs cycle)
ATP
78
coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism (TPP)
Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
79
A, B, and Z forms
DNA
80
regulates gene expression post-transcriptionally
miRNA (micro)
81
given to pregnant women
Vitamin B9 (folate/folic acid)
82
forms ADP + Pi
ATP
83
phylloquinone is the plant form found in leafy greens
Vitamin K
84
ergocalciferol, cholecalciferol, calcidiol, calcitriol are associated
Vitamin D (calciferol)
85
stimulates muscle contraction
acetylcholine
86
contains codons
mRNA (messenger)
87
digests lipids
lipase
88
transcribed by RNA polymerase I (eukaryotes)
rRNA
89
gamma-carboxylation of glutamate
Vitamin K
90
produced in the skin when exposed to light (UVB)
Vitamin D (calciferol)
91
key in wobble base pairing
tRNA (transfer)
92
made from beta-carotene in the body
Vitamin A (retinol)
93
given to newborns in a shot
Vitamin K
94
cassette transporters (ABC proteins)
ATP
95
Photo 51 by Rosalind Franklin
DNA
96
3' CCA tail where amino acid binds
tRNA (transfer)
97
carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for translation
mRNA (messenger)
98
deficientcy leads to Bitot’s spots
Vitamin A (retinol)
99
final product of fatty acid degradation
acetyl-CoA
100
triggered by a G-protein
cAMP
101
Z form is left-handed
DNA
102
electron donor in anabolic reactions like the Calvin cycle
NADPH
103
removes introns from pre-mRNA in eukaryotic cells
snRNA (small nuclear)
104
lack leads to bleeding gums, corkscrew hairs, poor wound healing (scurvy)
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
105
high levels inhibit PFK (phosphofructokinase) in glycolysis
ATP
106
excess leads to orange skin
Vitamin A (retinol)
107
first organic molecule made in the lab (Friedrich Wöhler)
urea
108
helps convert LDLs into HDLs
Vitamin B3 (niacin)
109
breaks down starch; found in saliva
amylase
110
modeled by Watson and Crick
DNA
111
needed for vision and immune function
Vitamin A (retinol)
112
formed with ornithine when arginine decomposes
urea
113
targeted by the drug Warfarin
Vitamin K
114
destroyed in myasthenia gravis
acetylcholine
