Chemical Processes Flashcards
replaced by the Haber-Bosch and Ostwald processes
Birkeland–Eyde Process
process to produce aluminum metal
Hall–Héroult process
in the Söderberg form coke was added to react with oxygen
Hall–Héroult process
uses organometallic titanium-aluminum catalysts to make polyolefins
Ziegler–Natta polymerization
“crust breaker” used to puncture a crust of frozen cryolite and alumina
Hall–Héroult process
produces ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen
Haber-Bosch Process
old method to extract aluminum; replaced by Hall-Heroult
Deville process
alumina dissolved in cryolite
Hall–Héroult process
usually carried out at 200 atmospheres and 400-600 degrees Celsius
Haber-Bosch Process
main source of modern fertilizers
Haber-Bosch Process
version of the Monsanto process that uses iridium
Cativa process
uses prebaked carbon anodes
Hall–Héroult process
use of zeolite catalysts (Type Y)
fluid catalytic cracking (FCC)
very water-sensitive reactions
Grignard
purifies nickel using carbon monoxide
Mond process
obsolete soda ash production (replaced by Solvay)
Leblanc process
produces hydrogen gas from methane (CH₄) and steam (H₂O)
steam reforming
developed by Vladimir Shukhov
thermal cracking
coal-to-liquid (CTL) fuel synthesis
Fischer–Tropsch process
replaced the Hunter process
Kroll process
rate governed by the nonlinear Temkin–Pyzhev equation
Haber-Bosch Process
developed by James Roth
Monsanto process
produces nickel carbonyl from nickel oxides
Mond process
occurs in a catalytic riser
fluid catalytic cracking (FCC)
developed after a British blockade of sodium nitrate during WWI
Haber-Bosch Process
impuriies removed as slag
Bessemer process
calcium chloride byproduct; carbon dioxide and ammonia recycled
Solvay process
hindered by the anode effect (buildup of gases like PFCs)
Hall–Héroult process
produces phenol from chlorobenzene
Dow process
Thomas-Gilchrist converter
Bessemer process
react with aldehydes or ketones forming C-C bonds to make alcohols
Grignard
palladium(II) chloride (PdCl₂) and copper(II) chloride (CuCl₂)
Wacker process
used molten sodium to extract titanium
Hunter Process
methane and steam run over a nickel catalyst
steam reforming
calcium cyanamide from calcium carbide and nitrogen
Frank-Caro process
syngas passed over a metal catalyst (Fe or Co)
Fischer–Tropsch process
form carboxylic acids when reacted with carbon dioxide
Grignard
carbon dioxide bubbled through ammoniated brine (NaCl in water)
Solvay process
replaced the Birkeland–Eyde and Frank–Caro (cyanamide) processes
Haber-Bosch Process
acetic acid from methanol and carbon monoxide (with iodide)
Monsanto process
made by reacting alkyl or aryl halides with magnesium metal
Grignard
steel production using air blasting
Bessemer process
developer won the 1912 Nobel Prize
Grignard
uses a platinum-rhodium gauze catalyst
Ostwald Process
uses iron oxide catalyst with promoters like potassium and aluminum oxides
Haber-Bosch Process
produces “sponge titanium”
Kroll process
purified TiCl₄ is reacted with molten magnesium (Mg)
Kroll process
studied by Gerhard Ertl (2007 Nobel Prize) using Auger electron spectroscopy
Haber-Bosch Process
Copper refining from matte
Manhès–David process
part of the oil refining process
fluid catalytic cracking (FCC)
production of soda ash; sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃)
Solvay process
produces acetone and phenol from benzene and propylene
Cumene process
often requires ‘floury’ or ‘sandy’ alumina
Hall–Héroult process
oxidation of ethylene (C₂H₄) to acetaldehyde (CH₃CHO)
Wacker process
Mg production via reduction with Si
Pidgeon process
produces nitric acid from ammonia
Ostwald Process
refines alumina (aluminum oxide) from bauxite
Bayer process
impurities called “red mud” are removed
Bayer process
the KAAP (Kellogg Advanced Ammonia Process) version uses ruthenium as a catalyst
Haber-Bosch Process
rhodium-catalyzed carbonylation of methanol to produce acetic acid
Monsanto process
produces titanium metal (Ti) from TiCl₄
Kroll process
breaks a nitrogen-nitrogen triple bond
Haber-Bosch Process
was used to make nitric acid using electric arcs
Birkeland–Eyde Process
air blown through pig iron (Robert Forester Mushet)
Bessemer process
replaced the Birkland-Eyde process of producing nitric acid
Ostwald Process
hydrocarbons made from carbon moxide and hydrogen
Fischer–Tropsch process
spiegeleisen (a manganese-rich iron alloy) added
Bessemer process
dolomite used to remove phosphorus
Bessemer process
electrophilic aromatic substitution (e.g. benzene) using AlCl₃ catalyst
Friedel–Crafts
sodium hydroxide and chlorine via electrolysis of brine
Castner–Kellner process
osmium and uranium were used as catalysts until Alwin Mittasch used iron oxide
Haber-Bosch Process
