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Hormonal Coordination Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where are hormones released ?

What do hormones go into?

A

by the glands

the bloodstream

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2
Q

When hormones travel in the bloodstream what do they do?

A

they trigger effects in specific target organs

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3
Q

when hormones travel in the bloodstream and trigger effects in specific targeted organs, what do you call this?

A

endocrine system

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4
Q

When you go through puberty, what do reproductive hormones cause?

A

secondary sexual characteristics

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5
Q

during puberty what happens to men?

A

the testes produce the hormone testosterone

testosterone stimulates the testes to produce sperm

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6
Q

during puberty what happens to women?

A

The ovaries produces the hormone oestrogen

once puberty begins, eggs in the ovaries start to mature

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7
Q

define ovulation..

A

Every 28 days an egg is released

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8
Q

What is the release of an egg every 28 days called?

A

the Menstrual cycle

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9
Q

What does the uterus lining to prepare for ovulation?

A

becomes thick and spongy

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10
Q

what does the egg do during ovulation?

A

makes its way down to the uterus

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11
Q

If sperm is present during ovulation, what happens?

A

The egg can be fertilised and the sperm can be implanted into the uterus wall to develop a baby

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12
Q

If there is no sperm present in ovulation, what happens?

A

the egg does not get fertilised
both the egg and uterus lining are released
we call this a period

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13
Q

What are the four key hormones in the menstrual cycle?

A

FSH, LH, Oestrogen and Progesterone

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14
Q

What does FSH stand for?

A

Folicle Stimulating hormone

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15
Q

What is the function of FSH?

A

causes an egg to mature in the ovary

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16
Q

What does LH stand for?

A

Luteinising hormone

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17
Q

What is the function of LH?

A

causes this egg to be released, ovulation

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18
Q

What is produced in the ovary?

A

Oestrogen

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19
Q

What are the function of Oestrogen and Progesterone?

A

They are involved in maintaining the uterus lining in case the egg is fertilised and implants

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20
Q

Explain how FSH interacts in the menstrual cycle..

A

FSH is released by the pituitary gland
FSH travels to the blood in the ovaries where it causes an egg to mature.
At the same time FSH triggers the ovaries to make oestrogen

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21
Q

Tell me the stages of the hormones in the menstrual cycle..

A

FSH
Oestrogen
LH
progesterone

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22
Q

Explain how Oestrogen interact in the menstrual cycle..

A

Oestrogen causes the lining of the uterus to become thick
Oestrogen also stops the pituarity gland from releasing anymore FSH
Instead the pituitary gland releases LH

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23
Q

What hormone triggers ovulation?

A

LH

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24
Q

Explain how Progesterone interacts in the menstrual cycle..

A

Once the ovary has released its egg, the ovary now produces the hormone progesterone

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25
Q

What is the effect of progesterone?

A

-stops the pituaritary gland from releasing FSH and LH

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26
Q

Why does the pituitary gland stop releasing FSH and LH?

A

To prevent any more eggs from maturing or being released

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27
Q

What does progesterone do to the lining of the uterus and why?

A

Keeps the uterus lining thick

incase a fertilised egg implants

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28
Q

What happens to the progesterone levels if fertilisation does not take place?

A

they fall

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29
Q

contraception definition..

A

different ways to prevent fertilisation

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30
Q

is a oral contraceptive pill hormonal?

A

yes

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31
Q

what do the hormones in an oral contraceptive pill prevent the body from doing?

A

producing FSH

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32
Q

what does FSH cause the body to do?

A

causes an egg to mature

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33
Q

what does it prevent for a woman when she takes a contraceptive pill?

A

prevents the eggs from maturing

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34
Q

what is an advantage of taking a contraceptive pill?

A

highly effective if taken correctly

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35
Q

what is a disadvantage of taking a contraceptive pill?

A

must be taken every day or risk of pregnancy

risk of side-effects (blood clots and breast cancer)

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36
Q

How long does an implant last?

A

3 years

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37
Q

how long does an injection last?

A

13 weeks

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38
Q

How long does a patch last?

A

1 week

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39
Q

What does the patch, injection and implant contain and what does that hormone do?

A

progesterone and it stops eggs from being released and matured

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40
Q

What is an advantage of having a patch injection or implant?

A

more convenient than taking a daily pill

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41
Q

what is a disadvantage of having a patch injection or skin patch?

A

none of them protect against HIV or sexually transmitted diseases

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42
Q

What are the two forms of a barrier method and what does it do?

A

condom and diaphragm

these prevent the sperm from reaching the egg

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43
Q

what is an advantage of using a condom? (3 things)

A

reduce the risks of STIs
do not use hormones
no side effects

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44
Q

what is a disadvantage of using a condom?

A

could break or slip off

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45
Q

How can you make using a condom more effective? and what does it do?

A

use spermicide gel

spermicides kill or disable sperm and reduce the chances of fertilisation

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46
Q

what is an IUD and what can it also be called?

A

Intrauterine device

could also be called a coil

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47
Q

what does an Intrauterine device do?

A

prevent the embryo from being implanted

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48
Q

what can some coils do to reduce the chances of fertilisation?

A

reduce hormones

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49
Q

what is the advantage of using an IUD?

A

highly effective

can last up to 10 years

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50
Q

what is a disadvantage of using an IUD?

A

very few side effects

does not protect against STIs

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51
Q

what is the surgical form of contraception called?

A

sterilisation

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52
Q

what does sterilisation do for a man and a woman?

A

man- prevents the sperm from the penis

woman- prevents the egg from reaching the uterus

53
Q

what is an advantage of using sterilisation ?

A

highly effective

54
Q

what is a disadvantage of using sterilisation ?

A

difficult to be reversed
so person has to be certain they don’t want children
does not prevent against STIs

55
Q

what is the natural form of contraception?

A

abstaining from sexual intercourse

56
Q

what is the disadvantage of using the natural form of contraception?

A

hard to tell when a woman has ovulated

does not protect against STIs

57
Q

What does the Catholic Church teach about contraception?

A

all contraception is unethical

58
Q

why is infertility a problem? for men and woman

A

some men have a reduced sperm count

some women find it difficult to conceive

59
Q

what do people do if infertility is a problem?

A

undergo fertility treatment

60
Q

what is the treatment called where women are given FSH and LH?

A

fertility drug

61
Q

what does the fertility drug do? (2 things)

A

causes the woman to ovulate more than usual

increases her chances of becoming pregnant through sexual intercourse

62
Q

What does IVF stand for?

A

in-vitro fertilisation

63
Q

what is different about IVF?

A

fertilisation takes place outside the body

64
Q

what are the stages of IVF?

A

The women is first treated with FSH and LH, this causes several eggs to mature
these eggs are then collected from the mother
sperm from the father is collected and is used to fertilise the eggs in the laboratory
the fertilised eggs then develop into embryos
once they are tiny balls of cells they are implanted into the mothers uterus

65
Q

what is the benefit of IVF?

A

gives the woman a chance to have a baby of her own

66
Q

what are the 3 possible problems with IVF?

A 
the success rates are not high
emotionally stressful for both parents
physically demanding on the mother
IVF can lead to multiple births- risky for baby and mother
expensive
67
Q

What is the human endocrine system?

A

a group of glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood

68
Q

what are hormones?

A

proteins that are made during protein synthesis

69
Q

what carries the hormones all around the body?

A

the blood

70
Q

what does each hormone do?

A

acts on a specific target organ where it produces an effect

71
Q

what are differences between the endocrine system and the nervous system?

A

the nervous system uses electrical impulses which travel down neurones, however the endocrine system uses hormones which are chemicals which are carried in the bloodstream

signalling in the nervous system is extremely fast ,the endocrine system produces a much slower effect

72
Q

what do the hormones released in the pancreas do?

A

they are involved in controlling the concentration of glucose in the blood

73
Q

what do the hormones released in the ovaries and testes do?

A

involved in puberty and reproduction

74
Q

where is the thyroid gland?

A

in the centre of the neck

75
Q

what do the hormones released in the thyroid gland do?

A

produces hormones involved in growth

and in regulating the basal metabolic rate

76
Q

where is the adrenal gland?

A

centre of the tummy

at the top of the kidneys

77
Q

what do the hormones released in the adrenal gland do?

A

release adrenaline

in times of fear and stress

78
Q

where is the pituaritary gland?

A

in the brain

79
Q

what is the pituaritary gland also called?

A

the master gland

80
Q

what do the hormones released in the pituaritary gland do?

A

they act on other glands and cause other hormones to be released

81
Q

where is adrenaline released and what is the main effect?

A

released into the blood and increases heart rate

82
Q

when adrenaline is released the heart beats faster therefore…

A

more oxygen and glucose are delivered in the blood to the brain and muscles

83
Q

what are oxygen and glucose needed for?

A

aerobic respiration

84
Q

what does adrenaline prepare the body to do?

A

fight of flight

85
Q

what does the thyroid gland release?

A

thyroxine

86
Q

what are the two main effects of thyroxine?

A

stimulates the bodys basal metabolic rate

makes the bodys chemical reactions take place at a faster rate.

87
Q

what is metabolism?

A

the sum of All the reactions in the cell or the body

88
Q

how is the level of thyroxine in the blood controlled?

A

negative feedback

89
Q

if the level of thyroxine falls what happens?

A

events are triggered to increase the level of thyroxine

90
Q

if the level of thyroxine becomes too high what happens?

A

events are triggered to bring it down

91
Q

what is phototropism?

A

plant shoots growing towards the light

92
Q

when you shine light from one side onto a plant what happens?

A

the plant grows towards the light

93
Q

when scientists removed the very tip of the shoots , what happened?

A

the shoots did not grow towards the light

94
Q

what hormone do plant tips produce ?

A

auxin

95
Q

when the scientists covered the tips of the shoots with foil, what happens?
what does this tell us

A

the shoots did not grow towards the light

the tips are sensitive towards light

96
Q

what happened when the scientists used foil to cover the lower part of the shoots?
what does this tell us?

A

the shoots grew as normal towards the light

the lower parts of the shoot are not sensitive towards light

97
Q

how do shoots use the hormone auxin to grow towards the light?

A

1) auxin is produces at the very tip of the shoot
2) in shoots auxin triggers cell growth
3) light causes auxin to concentrate on the darker side of the shoots tip
4) auxin now spreads down the shoot
5) cells on the darker side grow faster than cells on the lighter side, causes the shoot to grow towards the light

98
Q

what is it called when plants grow towards the force of gravity ?

A

gravitropism or geotropism

99
Q

what happens during geotropism?

A

auxin is produced in the root , but gravity causes the auxin to conc on the lower side
the lower side grows more slowly than the upper side this causes the roots to grow towards the force of gravity

100
Q

in roots auxin inhibits…

A

cell growth

101
Q

as well as auxin plants use 2 other chemicals to regulate their behaviour
what are they?

A

giberillins and ethene

102
Q

what do giberillins do?

A

important in starting the germination of seeds

103
Q

what does the chemical ethene do?

A

controls cell division and the ripening of fruits

104
Q

what are the independent control and dependent variables in the effect of light intensity on the height of seedlings?

A

independent- light intensity
dependent- height of the seedlings
control- the volume of water or type of seed

105
Q

explain the practical of the effect of light intensity on the height of seedlings..

A

-first place cotton wool in three petri dishes and soak them with equal amounts of water
-place 10 mustard seeds in each dish
-leave the seeds in a warm place to allow the seeds to germinate
-water the seeds every day with the same volume of water
-after a few days the seeds will germinate make sure they all have the same number of seedlings
- use a ruler to measure the height of each seedling
-place the three dishes in diff conditions
-measure the height of each seedling every day
-calculate a mean
-

106
Q

where do you place all three Petri dishes?

A

one in full sunlight
one In partial light
darkness

107
Q

what are the results like for the seedlings ?

A

partial and complete sunlight are similar because chlorophyll is very efficient in absorbing light energy

108
Q

why did the seeds in the dark grow the tallest?

A

usually germinate underground and grow rapidly to reach light

109
Q

why are the leaves on the dark seedlings yellow ?

A

they have used all their energy stores

they cannot carry out photosynthesis in the dark

110
Q

explain the practical of gravity..

A

place the seedlings on their side in the dark
the shoots grow upwards against the force of gravity
and the roots towards the direction of gravity

111
Q

what is horticulture?

A

growing plants for gardens

112
Q

what is agriculture?

A

growing food crops

113
Q

what are auxins three main uses?

A

used as weedkillers
rooting powders
promoting growth in tissue culture

114
Q

what are gibberellins three main uses?

A

end seed dormancy - force a seed to germinate earlier than it normally would
encourage plants to flower
make fruit grow larger

115
Q

what is ethenes main uses?

bananas

A

bananas are usually harvested before they are ripe
they are transported long distances and can be stored before they are needed
ethene is used to trigger the bananas to ripen

116
Q

why is the glucose in your blood low before you have meals?

A

your cells have been respiring

117
Q

does your body store excess glucose and why does it do that?

A

yes so it can release it when you need it

118
Q

when the glucose in your blood is too high what happens?

A

your pancreas detects this and produces insulin

119
Q

what does the liver do with the excess glucose?

A

turns it into an insoluble larger molecule called glycogen

120
Q

if your blood glucose is too low what does your pancreas produce?
what does it do there?

A

the hormone glucagon

which converts insoluble glycogen into glucose

121
Q

what is a negative feedback control?

A

detects a change and makes an adjustment to bring it back to normal

122
Q

How does type 1 diabetes develop?

how does that thing happen?

A

when the insulin producing cells in the pancreas are destroyed.

the sufferers immune system mistakenly makes antibodies to attack and destroy these cells

123
Q

what do people with type 1 diabetes usually do? (3 things)

A
  • inject themselves with insulin to help reduce their blood glucose
  • reducing sugar intake
  • exercise
124
Q

what does exercise do?

A

increases the amount of glucose that is used by their muscle cells for respiration

125
Q

what does the pump for type 1 diabetes do?

what does it allow?

A

it is worn outside the body
and is connected by a short tube and needle to a layer of fat that is found just below the skin
allows the user to regulate the amount of insulin in their blood without daily injection

126
Q

what causes type 2 diabetes?

A

their body cant produce enough insulin

prevents the conversion of glucose into glycogen and blood glucose levels remain high

127
Q

symptoms of type 2 diabetes include..

A

feeling thirsty
urinate more often
feel tired

128
Q

how can you control type 2 diabetes?

A

eat a balanced diet

exercise regularly

129
Q

why is injecting insulin not a treatment?

A

the liver and muscle cells don’t respond to it

Biology (10 decks)

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