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Biology > Communicable Diseases > Flashcards

Communicable Diseases Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

any microorganism that passes a communicable disease from one organism to another

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2
Q

What are the 4 main types of microoragnism that cause disease?

A

Viruses,bacteria,fungi and protists

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3
Q

infectious definition

A

a pathogen that can easily be transmitted

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4
Q

Explain the practical culturing microorganisms…

A

sterilise all petri dishes, bacterial nutrient broth and agar this kills any unwanted microorganisms and prevents contamination

sterilise the inoculating loop by passing it through a blue bunsen burner flame

once transferred bacteria onto the dish we attach the lid of the petri dish using adhesive tape this stops unwanted bacteria from coming in or out.

place the agar plate upside down into an incubator.this stops moisture from dripping down onto the bacteria and disrupting the colonies

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5
Q

What are the two ways of culturing bacteria

what are they?

A

using a nutrient broth solution

using an agar gel plate

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6
Q

what is the right temperature for culturing microorganisms at school and why?

A

school-25 this reduces the chances that harmful bacterias will grow

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7
Q

explain the practical of effects of antibiotics on bacterial growth…

A

clean the bench with disinfectant solution this kills microorganisms that could contaminate our culture

sterilise an inoculating loop by passing it through a bunsen burner

open a sterile agar gel plate near a bunsen burner the flame kills bacteria in the air

use the inoculating loop to spread the chosen bacteria evenly over the plate

place sterile filter paper discs containing anti biotic on the plate

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8
Q

what are the circles around the antibiotic discs called where bacteria has not grown?

A

zone of inhibitions

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9
Q

how do you work out the inhibition zone area?

A

pie r squared

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10
Q

what is airborne?

A

the common cold virus is often spread through tiny air droplets of water propelled through the air when an infected person sneezes

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11
Q

what is meant by through dirty water?

A

the cholera bacterium is often spread in unsterilised water

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12
Q

what is meant by direct physical contact?

A

sexually or non sexually

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13
Q

what is meant by through contaminated food?

A

spread in uncooked or reheated food, it causes food poisoning

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14
Q

what is meant by passed through another animal?

A

a vector- an animal that spreads a communicable disease

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15
Q

Name 5 ways that pathogens are spread..

A 
airborne
through dirty water
by direct physical contact
through contaminated food
passed by another animal
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16
Q

What are viral diseases?

A

disease caused by a virus

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17
Q

What is measles?

A

a highly infectious common viral disease usually transmitted between young children

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18
Q

What are symptoms of Measles?

A

Fever and red skin rash

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19
Q

What does HIV stand for?

A

Human imunodefiency virus

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20
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

Transmitted when body fluids are shared often by sex or by sharing of needles

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21
Q

How is HIV spread between a mother and child?

A

In the uterus

or in breast milk or during birth

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22
Q

Are there any symptoms of HIV?

A

no

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23
Q

What does HIV do?

A

the virus attacks the bodys immune cells

this means they are then less likely to fight off cancers or infections

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24
Q

How does bacteria divide?

A

By binary fission

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25
Q

What are bacterial diseases caused by?

A

pathogenetic bacteria

26
Q

How is salmonella normally spread?

A

through food that has been prepared in unhygienic conditions

27
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella?

A

fever
cramps
vomiting
diarrehoea

28
Q

What is gonorrhoea?

A

a sexually transmitted disease

29
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

a group of medicines that kill bacteria and fungi but not viruses

30
Q

What are fungi?

A

Eukaryotes

31
Q

What do fungi have instead of cellulose?

A

chitin-a polymer made from sugars that forms the cell walls of fungi and the exoskeleton of insects

32
Q

What do fungi extend when they grow?

A

hyphae- branching filaments of a fungus that spreads out

33
Q

What is a common fungal infection?

A

Athletes foot

34
Q

What does athletes foot cause?

A

itching, flaking and blistering

35
Q

Where is athletes foot normally transmitted?

A

in communal areas such as swimming pools and changing rooms where people walk bare foot

36
Q

What are the ideal conditions for fungus to grow?

A

warm and moist conditions

37
Q

How can athletes foot be treated?

A

keeping the foot dry

applying anti fungal cream or spray

38
Q

What is another fungal condition and what does it do?

A

Ringworm- this produces a ring like red rash on infected parts of the body

39
Q

malaria symptoms..

A

tired
fever
vomiting
headaches

40
Q

How is malaria transmitted?

A

The plasmodium pathogens are transmitted from one mosquito to another
The mosquito sucks the blood from organisms and then passes it from the saliva to the blood

41
Q

How to prevent malaria?

A

Avoid being bitten
mosquito nets and insect repellent sprays containing insectisides
malarone (a drug) can also be taken

42
Q

What is the first line of defence?

A

your bodies natural barriers to infection

non specific

43
Q

Even when damaged, your skin will regrow..why?

A

to prevent infection when all the layers are cut through
platelets in your blood stick together forming a scab
this stops the bleeding

44
Q

Why do your eyes produce tears?

A

skin does not grow on top of your eyes
your eyes produce tears
tears are mainly made out of salt and water and an enzyme called lysozymes
tears also have antibodies in them

45
Q

what stops pathogens passing in your nose?

A

hairs and mucus which acts like a filter.

46
Q

what is cilia?

A

tiny hair like projections from ciliated cells thatwatf mucus out of the gas exchange system

47
Q

What does stomach acid do?

A

it is hydrochloric acid and is strong enough to kill many bacterial pathogens that enter your body

48
Q

What is the second line of defence?

A

it is non specific
reacts in the same way regardless of the infection
innate immune system

49
Q

What happens in the second line of defence?

A

phagocytes are attracted to areas which an infection is present

when a phagocyte comes into contact with it, it binds with it

the membrane of the phagocyte then surrounds the pathogen and absorbs it into a vacuole within its cytoplasm

here enzymes are added to the vacuole to break down the pathogen.This is called phagocytosis

50
Q

What are the two types of white blood cells?

A

Phagocytes and Lymphocytes

51
Q

What is the third line of defence?

A

specific to invading pathogens.

It is therefore called specific immune system

52
Q

What are antigens?

A

a protein on the surface of a pathogen that your antibodies can recognise as foreign

53
Q

What is meant by highly specific for the antigen present on the pathogen?

A

the shape of the antibody fits perfectly with the shape of the antigen. Antibodies help clump pathogens together so that they can then be engulfed and destroyed by phagocytes more easily.
Several days later enough of the pathogen will normally be destroyed and you are likely to feel better

54
Q

What happens if you are infected the second time?

A

your lymphocytes will recognise its antigens and be able to produce larger number of antibodies more quickly

55
Q

what is an antitoxin?

A

A protein produced by your body to neutralise harmful toxins produced by pathogens

56
Q

what is a vaccine?

A

A medicine containing an antigen from a pathogen that triggers a low level immune response so that subsequent infection is dealt with more effectively by the bodys own immune system

57
Q

what does a MMR vaccine stand for?

A

Mumps and rubella

58
Q

What does the term immunisation mean?

A

becoming immune to a pathogen

59
Q

Are antibiotics and Antiseptics the same?

A

No

60
Q

What is an antiseptic?

A

A substance applied to the skin or another surface to destroy pathogens

61
Q

How does the antibiotic penicillin work?

A

It makes the cell walls of the bacteria weaker so they burst and are killed

Biology (10 decks)

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