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communicable diseases Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the coronary arteries

A

arteries that supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood

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2
Q

what can an unhealthy lifestyle cause

A

build up if fatty material in the coronary arteries and a reduction in the flexibility of the artery lining
ATHEROSCLEROSIS

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3
Q

What are factors of ATHEROSCLEROSIS

A 
high blood pressure
smoking
drinking excessive amounts of alcohol
cholestrol
poor diet
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4
Q

what do fatty deposits slow or stop?

A

they stop or slow the oxygenated blood reaching the cells of the heart
this can cause cells to eventually die or have a heart attack

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5
Q

what is heart bypass

A

a medical procedure in which a section of less important artery is moved to allow blood to flow around a blockage in a more important one

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6
Q

what is a stent

A

a small medical device made from mesh that keeps ther arteries open

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7
Q

how is coronary heart disease being stopped

A

heart bypass

use of a stent

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8
Q

how many valves does the heart have and what do they do

why is this bad?

A

the heart has 4 valves and they stop the blood from flowing backwards

this is bad because this reduces the effiency at which blood flows around the body meaning that there are fewer glucose oxygen and other molecules

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9
Q

what drugs are prescribed to people to reduce blood cholesterol?

A

statin

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10
Q

what happens to faulty valves

A

they do not open properly or close completely to stop back flow

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11
Q

what can a faulty valve cause?

A

tiredness, dizziness, chest pain and breathelessness

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12
Q

what is a common form of treatment for someone with a faulty valve

A

open heart surgery

where the valves are replaced by donor valves or artificial mechanical valves

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13
Q

what are heart contractions controlled by

A

a pacemaker

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14
Q

what happens if you are born or develop problems with your pacemaker

A

you have an artificial one fitted in

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15
Q

what is a hole in the heart

A

two small gaps on either side of the heart

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16
Q

why is a hole in the heart bad

A

the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood can mix

also reduces the amount of glucose oxygen and other molecules that reach the cells

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17
Q

what is heart failure?

A

when a persons heart stops beating

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18
Q

what is a cure for heart failure?

A

heart or lung transplant

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19
Q

what is needed of all transplants

A

the donor and patient must be matched to stop the transplant being rejected by the patients immune system

20
Q

definition of health

A

state of physical and mental wellbeing

21
Q

4 ways that can improve your physical and mental wellbeing

A

a well balanced diet
regular exercise
reducing stress
seeking medical help for difficulties

22
Q

what does exercise improve

A

the effectiveness of your circulatory system

23
Q

communicable definition

A

develop without being caught

24
Q

what can happen if cell division goes wrong?

A

cancerous cells are produced

these cells can rapidly divide during mitosis and cause a lump or a tumour

25
Q

what is a rapid growth of cells called

A

uncontrolled cell division

26
Q

what are the two types of tumours?

A

malignant and benign

27
Q

malignant definition

A

cancerous tumour which can spread to other parts of the body

28
Q

benign definition

A

non cancerous , does not spread

29
Q

what is it called if the tumour spreads from one part to another and what does it cause

A

metastasis

secondary cancer

30
Q

what is benign usually contained within

A

a membrane

31
Q

signs of cancer

A

lump caused by a tumour
unexplained bleeding
a long term cough
loss of weight without dieting

32
Q

what is it called when doctors look for cancer

A

screening

33
Q

what is screening

A 
feeling a bump
taking blood tests
urine sample
xray images
use monoclonal antibodies
34
Q

what are the regular types of screening for women?

A

use of a xray machine for breast cancer-mammogram
smear test looks for cervical cancer cells are collected from the cervix and put under a microscope to check abnormalities

35
Q

causes of cancer

A 
smoking
too much alcohol intake
infections such as hepatitis B and C
HPV
genetic disorders caused by inheritance
ionising radiation
environmental pollutants
36
Q

two most common types of treatment against cancer

A

chemotherapy and radiotherapy

37
Q

what does chemotherapy use

A

powerful drugs to kill cancer cells

38
Q

what does radio therapy use

A

xrays to kill cancer cells

39
Q

what is the last form of care

A

palliative

40
Q

what happens when treatments against cancer kill cells nearby

A

feeling tired
weak
being sick
losing hair

41
Q

risk factors definition

A

any aspect of your lifestyle or any substance in your body that increases the risk of a disease developing

42
Q

causation definition

A

the act of making something happen

43
Q

correlation definition

A

when an action and outcome are linked but the action does not necessarily cause the outcome

44
Q

what is carcinogen?

A

a cancer- causing substance

45
Q

what are the effects of type 2 diabetes?

A

Body cells do not respond to the hormone insulin.

which helps control the glucose level in the blood

46
Q

Name the two organs most likely to be damages by long term alcohol abuse and their effects?

A

Liver function- causes liver cirrhosis.
the cells in the liver stop working and are replaced by scar tissue. This stops the liver from removing toxins, storing glucose as glycegon and making bile

Brain function- alter the chemicals in the brain which pass messages between the nerve cells.This can cause anxiety and depression and reduced brain function

47
Q

What are the effects of smoking?

A

Can cause cancer in many parts of the body.

also increases the chances of having asthma,bronchitis and emphysema

Biology (10 decks)

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