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Higher Biology > Hormonal Control of Reproduction > Flashcards

Hormonal Control of Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Hormone

A

Chemical substance, produced by a gland and carried in blood, which alters activity of specific target organs (and is the destroyed by liver).

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2
Q

Pituitary gland

A

‘Master gland’ situated at base of brain

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3
Q

Examples of glands

A

Thyroid - thyroxine
Adrenal - adrenaline
Ovaries - Oestrogen
Testes - testosterone

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4
Q

Hormones are involved in control of…

A

Onset puberty, menstrual cycle and sperm production

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5
Q

Ages of puberty

A

10-16

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6
Q

Changes occur during puberty due to…

A

hormones

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7
Q

Onset of puberty

A

Hypothalamus gland in brain begins to secrete a releaser hormone which targets pituitary gland

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8
Q

Releaser hormone stimulates pituitary gland to release what 2 hormones?

A
  1. FSH follicle stimulating hormone
  2. Interstitial Cell stimulating hormone ICSH / Luteinising hormone (LH)
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9
Q

How do these hormones travel and where to?

A

Through blood to ovaries and testes

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10
Q

In Males

A

ICSH stimulates testes to produce testosterone - causes development of male sexual organs and male secondary sexual characteristics

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11
Q

In females

A

LH stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen - causes development of female sexual organs and female secondary sexual characteristics

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12
Q

FSH promotes/where

A

Sperm production in seminiferous tubules

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13
Q

ICSH promotes what/where?

A

Interstitial cells to release testosterone

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14
Q

Testosterone stimulates what/where

A

Sperm production in seminiferous tubules and activates prostate gland and seminal vesicles to produce their secretion

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15
Q

Release of testosterone negative feedback system

A
  1. build up of testosterone concentration in blood inhibits secretion of FSH and ICSH in pituitary gland
  2. reduction of FHS and ICSH results in drop in production of testosterone
  3. reduction of testosterone concentration in blood stops inhibition of ICSH and ICSH production
  4. production and release of FSH and ICSH increases, stimulating increase production of testosterone.
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16
Q

How long does menstrual cycle last?

A

28 days

17
Q

When is day one of menstrual cycle?

A

First day of period - blood - loss of lining of uterus with a limit

18
Q

Day 5 of menstruation

A

Loss of blood stops

The lining of uterus begins to re-grow and an egg cell starts to mature in one of the ovaries

19
Q

Around day 14 of menstruation

A

Mature egg is released form ovary - this is called ovulation. Egg travels through oviduct towards uterus

20
Q

If egg doesn’t meet a sperm cell in oviduct

A

Lining of uterus begins to break down and cycle repeats

21
Q

FSH

A

Causes the maturation of an egg in the ovary

pituitary gland

22
Q

LH

A

Stimulates release of egg

pituitary gland

23
Q

Oestrogen

A

Involved in repairing and thickening of uterus lining

ovaries

24
Q

Progestrone

A

Maintains uterus lining

Ovaries

25
Q

Oestrogen in cycle

A

Gradually increases and peaks approx on 12th day

Drops days 13 and 14

26
Q

Progesterone in cycle

A

Stay approx at same level and begins to increase slightly from around day 12

27
Q

Menstrual cycle is controlled by negative feedback loop

A
  1. The pituitary gland produces FSH which causes the development of a follicle in ovary
  2. As egg develops inside the follicle, the follicle produces hormone oestrogen
  3. Oestrogen causes growth and repair of lining of uterus wall. Oestrogen inhibits FSH
  4. When oestrogen rises to a high enough level it causes a surge in LH from pituitary gland which causes ovulation where an egg is released from follicle (day 14 of cycle).
  5. The follicle becomes the corpus luteum and this produces oestrogen and progesterone which inhibits FSH and LH production by pituitary. This is example of negative feedback.
  6. progesterone maintains uterus lining
  7. If egg fails to be fertilised, corpus luteum dies and progesterone levels drop. This causes menstruation, where the uterus lining breaks down - period
28
Q

If women becomes pregnant

A

Placenta produces progesterone

This maintains lining of uterus during pregnancy and means menstruation does not happen

Higher Biology (22 decks)

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