Cellular Respiration Flashcards
ATP
Energy-carrying molecule used in cells because it can release energy very quickly
Energy released from ATP when
end phosphate is removed
Once ATP has released energy, it becomes…
ADP which is a low energy molecule
ADP can recharge how and to form what?
Adding a phosphate to create ATP. Requires energy.
Almost all cellular processes need…
ATP to give reaction its required energy
ATP can transfer energy and phosphorylate (add another phosphate) to other molecules in cellular processes such as…
DNA replication
active transport
synthetic pathways
muscle contraction
phosphorylate
add another phosphate
Main substrate within respiration pathway is?
Glucose
Metabolic pathway involved in respiration can be split into which 3 stages?
Glycolysis
Citric acid cycle
Electron transport chain
Where does glycolysis occur?
Cytoplasm
Where does citric acid cycle occur?
Matrix of mitochondria
Where does electron transport chain stage occur?
inner membrane of mitochondria
Glycolysis
Breakdown of glucose into 2 pyruvate - anaerobic (no oxygen required)
Phosphorylation of glucose and intermediates require ATP molecules in an energy investment stage
Net gain 2 ATP in energy payoff stage
Dehydrogenase enzymes remove hydrogen ions and electrons from intermediates of cycle, which are passed to coenzyme NAD (forming NADH) - electrons and hydrogen ions passed to electron transport stage
if oxygen avalible, pyruvate molecules progress unto citric acid cycle
No oxygen available pyruvate
fermentation in cytoplasm
Quick glycolysis summary
Glucose to 2 pyruvate
hydrogen ions and electrons coenzyme NAD to NADH to ETC
Net gain 2 ATP
Beginning of citric acid cycle
Pyruvate enters matrix of mitochondria and carbon dioxide removed
CAC: acetyl group combines with what to form what?
Coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A
CAC: removal of carbon forms
Acetyl group
CAC: acetyl from acetyl coenzyme A combines with what molecule to form what?
oxaloacetate to form citrate
CAC: what happens to CO2
released as by-product
intermediate molecules formed in CAC
hydrogen and electrons
creation of ATP
CAC: Enzyme-controlled intermediate steps gradually convert…
Citrate back to oxaloacetate, this results in generation of ATP and CO2 is released
Dehydrogenase enzymes
remove hydrogen ions and electrons from intermediates, which are passed to coenzyme NAD - NADH, the high energy electrons are passed to ETC
Which stage produces most ATP
Electron Transport Stage
Electron Transport Stage
Collection of carrier proteins found on inner membrane of mitochondria. NADH release hydrogen ions and electrons into ETC
ETC: Electrons transfer their energy to…
Proteins in membrane providing energy for hydrogen ions to be pumped across inner mitochondrial membrane
Flow of ions across membrane…
synthesises ATP by protein ATP synthase
What is final hydrogen ion and electron acceptor
Oxygen which forms water
Total ATP produced from one molecule of glucose
38 ATP
If glucose is not available in respiration pathways?
Other respiratory substrates can be used via alternative metabolic pathways
What can be broken down into intermediates in glycolysis or cutric acid cycle?
Starch, glycogen, proteins and facts
- provides alternative metabolic pathways to make ATP
