Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

ATP

A

Energy-carrying molecule used in cells because it can release energy very quickly

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2
Q

Energy released from ATP when

A

end phosphate is removed

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3
Q

Once ATP has released energy, it becomes…

A

ADP which is a low energy molecule

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4
Q

ADP can recharge how and to form what?

A

Adding a phosphate to create ATP. Requires energy.

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5
Q

Almost all cellular processes need…

A

ATP to give reaction its required energy

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6
Q

ATP can transfer energy and phosphorylate (add another phosphate) to other molecules in cellular processes such as…

A

DNA replication
active transport
synthetic pathways
muscle contraction

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7
Q

phosphorylate

A

add another phosphate

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8
Q

Main substrate within respiration pathway is?

A

Glucose

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9
Q

Metabolic pathway involved in respiration can be split into which 3 stages?

A

Glycolysis
Citric acid cycle
Electron transport chain

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10
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

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11
Q

Where does citric acid cycle occur?

A

Matrix of mitochondria

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12
Q

Where does electron transport chain stage occur?

A

inner membrane of mitochondria

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13
Q

Glycolysis

A

Breakdown of glucose into 2 pyruvate - anaerobic (no oxygen required)

Phosphorylation of glucose and intermediates require ATP molecules in an energy investment stage

Net gain 2 ATP in energy payoff stage

Dehydrogenase enzymes remove hydrogen ions and electrons from intermediates of cycle, which are passed to coenzyme NAD (forming NADH) - electrons and hydrogen ions passed to electron transport stage

if oxygen avalible, pyruvate molecules progress unto citric acid cycle

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14
Q

No oxygen available pyruvate

A

fermentation in cytoplasm

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15
Q

Quick glycolysis summary

A

Glucose to 2 pyruvate

hydrogen ions and electrons coenzyme NAD to NADH to ETC

Net gain 2 ATP

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16
Q

Beginning of citric acid cycle

A

Pyruvate enters matrix of mitochondria and carbon dioxide removed

17
Q

CAC: acetyl group combines with what to form what?

A

Coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A

17
Q

CAC: removal of carbon forms

A

Acetyl group

18
Q

CAC: acetyl from acetyl coenzyme A combines with what molecule to form what?

A

oxaloacetate to form citrate

18
Q

CAC: what happens to CO2

A

released as by-product

19
Q
A
19
Q
A
19
Q
A
20
Q

intermediate molecules formed in CAC

A

hydrogen and electrons

creation of ATP

21
Q

CAC: Enzyme-controlled intermediate steps gradually convert…

A

Citrate back to oxaloacetate, this results in generation of ATP and CO2 is released

22
Q

Dehydrogenase enzymes

A

remove hydrogen ions and electrons from intermediates, which are passed to coenzyme NAD - NADH, the high energy electrons are passed to ETC

23
Q

Which stage produces most ATP

A

Electron Transport Stage

24
Q

Electron Transport Stage

A

Collection of carrier proteins found on inner membrane of mitochondria. NADH release hydrogen ions and electrons into ETC

25
Q

ETC: Electrons transfer their energy to…

A

Proteins in membrane providing energy for hydrogen ions to be pumped across inner mitochondrial membrane

26
Q

Flow of ions across membrane…

A

synthesises ATP by protein ATP synthase

27
Q

What is final hydrogen ion and electron acceptor

A

Oxygen which forms water

28
Q

Total ATP produced from one molecule of glucose

A

38 ATP

29
Q

If glucose is not available in respiration pathways?

A

Other respiratory substrates can be used via alternative metabolic pathways

30
Q

What can be broken down into intermediates in glycolysis or cutric acid cycle?

A

Starch, glycogen, proteins and facts

  • provides alternative metabolic pathways to make ATP