Blood Glucose and Obesity Flashcards
Glucose
Needed by cells for respiration. Important that concentration of glucose in blood is maintained at constant level and controlled carefully.
Chronic elevated glucose level
lead to epithelial cells lining blood vessels to absorb far more glucose than normal - can cause atherosclerosis and blood vessel damage
Macrovascular Disease
Damage to large blood vessels
can lead to cvd, stroke, peripheral vascular disease
Microvascular disease
damage to small blood vessels
can leaad to haemorrhaging of blood flow ini retina - blindness
renal failure
peripheral nerve dysfunction
Insulin is produced where?
Pancreas
What does insulin do?
Regulates glucose concentration in blood
If blood glucose too high what produces what
pancreas produces insulin
Excess glucose stored where
body fat
liver and muscle cells convert excess glucose to glycogen for storage and use at later date
low glucose
pancreas - insulin not secreted
less glucose absorbed by body cells
liver - does not convert glucose into glycogen
blood glucose level - increases
high glucose
pancreas - insulin secreted into blood
liver - glucose to glycogen
insulin allows glucose to be absorbed by body cells
effect on blood glucose - decreases
blood glucose low pancreas releases
second hormone glucagon
glucagon
produced by pancreas and breaks down glycogen to glucose
travels in bloodstream to lover where excess glucose stored as glycogen
raises blood glucose
too high glucose concentration
receptors on pancreas respond to increase and increase insulin production that causes glucose to move from blood to cells
adrenaline
hormone produced in adrenal gland. Released when body is under acute stress or during exercise. Increases blood flow to skeletal muscles and level of glucose in blood
Stimulates liver to break down glycogen into glucose - this is released in blood stream
diabetes
Condition where blood glucose level remains too high. Treated by injecting insulin. Extra insulin causes liver to convert glucose inti glycogen, reducing blood glucose level.
Type 1 diabetes
pancreas fails to produce enough insulin
uncontrolled high blood glucose levels and controlled by insulin injections
from young age
type 2 diabetes
body cells no longer respond to insulin produced by pancreas. Liver less able to convert glucose into glycogen.
Managed by carb controlled diet and exercise regime
Obesity is factor in type 2 diabetes - usually older people
diabetes diagnosis test
glucose tolerance test
drink glucose solution and glucose levels monitored for period - higher and take normal to return to normal
Obesity
Excess fat compared to lean body tissue
obesity risks
type 2 diabetes
heart disease
types of cancer
BMI
mass kg / height ^2 (m) = kg/m^2
BMI obese
over 30kg/m2
Issues related to BMI
Cant tell difference between different body tissue types
doesn’t count age, gender, or muscle mass
very muscular can be classed as overweight
obesity leads to
high blood pressure and build-up of fatty deposits in arteries, which leads to cardiovascular disease
being obese with deposits of
lipids in abdomen increases blood pressure beyond normal levels and increases levels of blood lipids
hormone that reduces level of sugar in blood
insulin
