Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Higher Biology > Controlling Fertility > Flashcards

Controlling Fertility Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Fertility

A

Ability to produce offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Continuous Fertility

A

Male

Levels of FSH and ICSE are kept relatively constant through negative feedback. As a result, sperm are produced continually.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cyclical Fertility

A

In women, fertility is cyclical. Levels of oestrogen and progesterone, FSH and LH fluctuate. As a result women are only fertile for small number of days before and after ovulation during each menstrual cycle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Ovulation

A

Release of an ovum from one of ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Identifying women’s fertile period

A

body temperature - increases after ovulation

cervical mucus - clearer, wetter and more slippery

timing of menstrual cycle - ovulation occurs 10 to 16 dayys before start of period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

stimulating ovulation

A

Prevent negative feedback effect of oestrogen on FSH

Mimic normal action FSH and LH, stimulating ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Artificial stimulation ovulation can lead to….

A

multiple births - super ovulation

can be used un IVF too to help collect ova as several need to be collected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

AI may be useful when?

A

man has a low sperm count

couple are unable to have vaginal intercourse

condition means couple need help to conceive

when donor sperm is being used by same-sex couple or when a man in mixed-sex couple is sterile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sperm sample AI

A

A sample of sperm is treated to remove dead sperm, slow sperm and impurities. A concentrated sample of healthy sperm is then passed through a catheter into the uterus. A sperm donor may also be used in artificial insemination in cases of a male being sterile.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection used when

A

sperm count low

mature sperm are abnormally shaped or don’t move normally

sperm needs to be surgically removed

frozen sperm has reduced quality being used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ICSI sperm sample

A

Sperm collected and head of sperm drawn into needle and injected directly into egg in order to increase chances of fertilisation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

IVF can be used when

A

issues with sperm quality

womens blocked oviduct

where one or both partners may pass genetic condition

donor or sperm egg being used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

IVF

A

Involves one or more eggs being removed from woman’s ovaries. These are then fertilised with sperm in laboratory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

IVF steps

A
  1. the mother is given FSH and LH to stimulate maturation of several eggs in ovary
  2. egg are collected from mother and fertilised with sperm from father in culture dish in lab
  3. fertilised eggare incubated until they develop into embryos
  4. at stage when tiny balls of at least 8 cells, one or 2 embryos inserted into other’s uterus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

develop of what has allowed IVF treatments to develop further

A

microscopy techniques

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pre-inplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)

A

IVF is used in conjunction with PGD where one or more parents at risk of serious inherited disease to their children. PGD can be used to check single gene disorders and chromosome abnormalities in developing embryos before they are implanted.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Physical contraception

A

Condom/diaphrahms
IUD
Spermicidal agent
abstaining
surgical methods - vasectomy

18
Q

Oral pill

A

contains mixture of oestrogen and progesterone that mimics negative feedback effect which prevents release of FSH and lH

19
Q

Mini-pill

A

contains progestrone only which causes thickening of cervical mucus

20
Q

Morning after pill

A

Contains stronger doses of oestrogen and progesterone than the contraception pill. Prevents or delays ovulation

21
Q

What type of ART is used to stimulate ovulation

A

Clomifene

22
Q

Antenatal screening

A

Used to identify any possible rusk to mother or foetus during pregnancy or identify health issues that will affect the baby

If risk identified further tests can be carried out and prenatal diagnosis given

23
Q

Ultrasound imaging

A

Dating scan

Anomaly scan

24
Q

Dating scan

A

carried out weeks 8-14

used to determine stage of pregnancy and due date

used with tests for marker chemicals which vary during pregnancy

25
Q

Anomaly scans

A

Carried out weeks 18-20

may detect serious physical abnormalities

26
Q

Blood and urine tests

A

Routine blood and urine tests are carried out throughout pregnancy to monitor the
concentrations of marker chemicals.

This is why they are used in conjunction with scans, as measuring chemicals at wrong time can lead to false pos

can indicate pre-eclampsia and down’s syndrome

27
Q

Diagnostic testing

A

Amniocentesis

Chorionic Villus Samping CVS

28
Q

Amniocentisis

A

Uses small number of amniotic fluid from amniotic sac surrounding foetus to check genetic disorders

@ 14-16 weeks

sample of amniotic fluid is removed and cultured

Approx 2 weeks for results

29
Q

CVS

A

Tests a sample of cells from mothers placenta for genetic disorder

8 weeks

sample of placenta cells removed and cultured

immediate karyotyping results

30
Q

what diagnosis has higher miscarriage results

A

CVS

31
Q

PKU

A

autosomal recessive inherited metabolic condition

sufferers require 2 recessive alleles to be affected

heel prick test in newborn babies

32
Q

pedigree analysis chart

A

how genetic disorders are inherited in a family

probability

33
Q

4 types of patterns in inheritance of single gene disorders

A

autosomal recessive

autosomal dominant

incomplete dominance

sex-linked recessive

34
Q

X and Y

A

sex chromosomes

all others autosomal

35
Q

Autosomal recessive inheritance

A

Expressed rarely - require 2 recessive alleles (homozygous recessive)

may skip generations, affect both genders equally

e.g. cystic fibrosis

36
Q

autosomal dominant inheritance

A

sufferers require one dominant allele so can be homozygous dominant or heterozygous

affects both genders equally

e.g. Huntington’s disease

37
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Dominant allele not fully expressed

Both incomplete dominance allele are shown with upper case letters in genetic diagrams

e.g BW WW BB

38
Q

genotype and phenotype

A

Phenotype - description
Genotype - WW, BB, WB

39
Q

sex-linked recessive inheritance

A

sex chromosomes mainly responsible for determining gender, carry some genes that code for body functions.

men more susceptible

40
Q

Haemophilia

A

sufferers unable to clot their blood resulting in excessive bleeding, even from small cuts or bruises.

Sex-linked - recessive allele on X chromosome

41
Q
A

Higher Biology (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions