Hoofdstuk 6 - Norms

Question 1

Social norm

Answer 1

informal, normative statement specifying what a person should do or not do

Question 2

Descriptive norm

Answer 2

statement specifying what a person is expected to do (conventions, customs, habits)

Question 3

Injunctive norm (prescriptive/oughtness norm)

Answer 3

normative statement specifying what a person should do or not do

Question 4

Legal norm

Answer 4

formal, normative statement specifying what a person should do or not do (law)

Question 5

Internalized norm (moral)

Answer 5

norm that has become part of people’s intrinsic set of things one should do, or prefers to do

Question 6

Decree

Answer 6

top-down change in descriptive norm

Question 7

Habitus

Answer 7

behavioural dispositions based on cognitions, moral norms, values and cultural scripts

Question 8

Social sanction

Answer 8

punishment for behaviour diverging from social norms

Question 9

External sanction

Answer 9

sanctions imposed by third parties, i.e. other people of the group in which the social norm applies

Question 10

Formal sanction

Answer 10

punishment for behaviour diverging from legal norms

Question 11

Internal sanction

Answer 11

feeling of shame, guilt and bad conscience resulting out of deviation from internalized norms

Question 12

Third party

Answer 12

other members of the same group to which certain norms apply

Question 13

Monitoring

Answer 13

the behaviour of an individual within a group is visible to third parties

Question 14

Coordination problem

Answer 14

certain condition, in which people want to do the same thing, but are uncertain about the behaviour of each other (als iedereen weet wat hij moet doen/hetzelfde doet gaat het goed)

Question 15

Cooperation problem

Answer 15

certain condition, in which rational self-interest behaviour results in collective problems (social dilemma)

Question 16

Free-ride

Answer 16

type of behaviour, in which one prefers personal gains above the interest of the group

Question 17

Dominant strategy

Answer 17

strategy that is favourable to choose irrespective of what other people do

Question 18

Unpopular norm

Answer 18

norm which is not serving collective benefits

Question 19

Cultural maladaption

Answer 19

norms and opinions which do not fit their social environment

Question 20

Cultural inertia

Answer 20

time-lag between changing social conditions and adapting new norms and opinions

Question 21

Bystander effect

Answer 21

phenomenon in which people are less likely to help other people in a critical situation when passive bystanders are present

Question 22

Spiral of silence

Answer 22

people’s tendency to remain silent and not express their private preference when they believe that their private preferences deviate from the majority’s preferences

Question 23

Social approval

Answer 23

rewards and appreciation by other group members for following social norms

Question 24

Public good

Answer 24

good that serves collective benefits, such as national safety and environmental protection