Hoofdstuk 6 - Norms Flashcards
Social norm
informal, normative statement specifying what a person should do or not do
Descriptive norm
statement specifying what a person is expected to do (conventions, customs, habits)
Injunctive norm (prescriptive/oughtness norm)
normative statement specifying what a person should do or not do
Legal norm
formal, normative statement specifying what a person should do or not do (law)
Internalized norm (moral)
norm that has become part of people’s intrinsic set of things one should do, or prefers to do
Decree
top-down change in descriptive norm
Habitus
behavioural dispositions based on cognitions, moral norms, values and cultural scripts
Social sanction
punishment for behaviour diverging from social norms
External sanction
sanctions imposed by third parties, i.e. other people of the group in which the social norm applies
Formal sanction
punishment for behaviour diverging from legal norms
Internal sanction
feeling of shame, guilt and bad conscience resulting out of deviation from internalized norms
Third party
other members of the same group to which certain norms apply
Monitoring
the behaviour of an individual within a group is visible to third parties
Coordination problem
certain condition, in which people want to do the same thing, but are uncertain about the behaviour of each other (als iedereen weet wat hij moet doen/hetzelfde doet gaat het goed)
Cooperation problem
certain condition, in which rational self-interest behaviour results in collective problems (social dilemma)
Free-ride
type of behaviour, in which one prefers personal gains above the interest of the group
Dominant strategy
strategy that is favourable to choose irrespective of what other people do
Unpopular norm
norm which is not serving collective benefits
Cultural maladaption
norms and opinions which do not fit their social environment
Cultural inertia
time-lag between changing social conditions and adapting new norms and opinions
Bystander effect
phenomenon in which people are less likely to help other people in a critical situation when passive bystanders are present
Spiral of silence
people’s tendency to remain silent and not express their private preference when they believe that their private preferences deviate from the majority’s preferences
Social approval
rewards and appreciation by other group members for following social norms
Public good
good that serves collective benefits, such as national safety and environmental protection
