Hoofdstuk 5 - Opinions Flashcards
Cumulative advantage (matthew effect)
positive feedback process, in which prior succes increases likelihoof of succesive succes (songs that have more supporters, become yet even more popular)
Self fulfilling prophecy
when behaviour based on false beliefs about a situation cause that situation in the end
Galatea effect
people who have higher self-expectations will have more positive outcomes
Pygmalion effect
when other people place greater expectations on an individual or a group, it will result in greater outcomes attained by he individual or group
Thomas and Thomas theorem
if men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences
Conformity
there is a general human tendency to conform to the opinions and behaviour of actors in their social environment
Parental transmission
children tend to conform to the opinions and behaviours of their parents
Peer transmission
students conform to the opinions and behaviour of their peers
Media transmission
people conform to the opinions and behaviour expressed in media
Werther effect
suicide reported in mass media increase the likelihood of actual suicides
Conformity in judgements
there is a tendency of people to conform to the publicly revealed judgements of the majority group in small-scale settings, even when this majority judgement is false
Social influence
the process by which people’s opinions and behaviour are affected by others
Positive social influence
process by which people’s opinions and behaviour develop in the same direction to the opinions and behaviour of other actors in their environment
Negative social influence
process by which people’s opinions and behaviour develop in the opposite direction to the opinions and behaviour of other actors in their environment
Informational social influence
influence to accept information obtained from another as evidence about reality
Normative social influence
influence to conform to the positive expectations of another
Individual learning
people try out themselves and figure out on their own
Social learning biases
conditions that modify the degree of conformity
Popularity bias (bandwagon effect)
people’s tendency to copy opinions from their social environment is positively affected by the number of supporters for a certain opinion
Exposure bias
the more strongly people are exposed to a certain opinion in the population, the more likely they are to conform to that opinion
Status bias
people conform more strongly to a certain opinion, when higher status figures support that opinion (as compared to status figures not supporting it)
Susceptibility bias
the more strongly individuals in a certain social condition are susceptible (‘open’) to adopting opinions, the more likely they will conform to the opinions in that social context
Simple contagion
only one or two contacts with some source is sufficient to transmit the opinion
Complex contagion
one needs to receive social affirmation from not one (or two) sources but (much) more, before one adopts a opinion
Confirmation bias
people ‘seek and find confirmatory evidence in support of already existing beliefs and ignore or reinterpret disconfirming evidence’
Adaption bias
the more certain opinions are adapted to the social environment, the more likely people will conform to those opinions
Innovation
a completely new belief, or some new practice or object that is based on new beliefs, which is aimed to solve a certain problem
Diffusion
the transmission and spread of something
Social proof
When a group of people in the environment does something in the same way
