Hoofdstuk 5 - Opinions

Question 1

Cumulative advantage (matthew effect)

Answer 1

positive feedback process, in which prior succes increases likelihoof of succesive succes (songs that have more supporters, become yet even more popular)

Question 2

Self fulfilling prophecy

Answer 2

when behaviour based on false beliefs about a situation cause that situation in the end

Question 3

Galatea effect

Answer 3

people who have higher self-expectations will have more positive outcomes

Question 4

Pygmalion effect

Answer 4

when other people place greater expectations on an individual or a group, it will result in greater outcomes attained by he individual or group

Question 5

Thomas and Thomas theorem

Answer 5

if men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences

Question 6

Conformity

Answer 6

there is a general human tendency to conform to the opinions and behaviour of actors in their social environment

Question 7

Parental transmission

Answer 7

children tend to conform to the opinions and behaviours of their parents

Question 8

Peer transmission

Answer 8

students conform to the opinions and behaviour of their peers

Question 9

Media transmission

Answer 9

people conform to the opinions and behaviour expressed in media

Question 10

Werther effect

Answer 10

suicide reported in mass media increase the likelihood of actual suicides

Question 11

Conformity in judgements

Answer 11

there is a tendency of people to conform to the publicly revealed judgements of the majority group in small-scale settings, even when this majority judgement is false

Question 12

Social influence

Answer 12

the process by which people’s opinions and behaviour are affected by others

Question 13

Positive social influence

Answer 13

process by which people’s opinions and behaviour develop in the same direction to the opinions and behaviour of other actors in their environment

Question 14

Negative social influence

Answer 14

process by which people’s opinions and behaviour develop in the opposite direction to the opinions and behaviour of other actors in their environment

Question 15

Informational social influence

Answer 15

influence to accept information obtained from another as evidence about reality

Question 16

Normative social influence

Answer 16

influence to conform to the positive expectations of another

Question 17

Individual learning

Answer 17

people try out themselves and figure out on their own

Question 18

Social learning biases

Answer 18

conditions that modify the degree of conformity

Question 19

Popularity bias (bandwagon effect)

Answer 19

people’s tendency to copy opinions from their social environment is positively affected by the number of supporters for a certain opinion

Question 20

Exposure bias

Answer 20

the more strongly people are exposed to a certain opinion in the population, the more likely they are to conform to that opinion

Question 21

Status bias

Answer 21

people conform more strongly to a certain opinion, when higher status figures support that opinion (as compared to status figures not supporting it)

Question 22

Susceptibility bias

Answer 22

the more strongly individuals in a certain social condition are susceptible (‘open’) to adopting opinions, the more likely they will conform to the opinions in that social context

Question 23

Simple contagion

Answer 23

only one or two contacts with some source is sufficient to transmit the opinion

Question 24

Complex contagion

Answer 24

one needs to receive social affirmation from not one (or two) sources but (much) more, before one adopts a opinion

Question 25

Confirmation bias

Answer 25

people ‘seek and find confirmatory evidence in support of already existing beliefs and ignore or reinterpret disconfirming evidence’

Question 26

Adaption bias

Answer 26

the more certain opinions are adapted to the social environment, the more likely people will conform to those opinions

Question 27

Innovation

Answer 27

a completely new belief, or some new practice or object that is based on new beliefs, which is aimed to solve a certain problem

Question 28

Diffusion

Answer 28

the transmission and spread of something

Question 29

Social proof

Answer 29

When a group of people in the environment does something in the same way