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Exercise Physiology > Homeostasis and Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Homeostasis and Bioenergetics Flashcards

1
Q

what is bioenergetics

A

when cell’s chemical pathways convert foodstuffs into a biologically usable form of energy

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2
Q

define homeostasis

A

maintenance of a constant and normal internal environement

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3
Q

what is considered a steady state

A
  • physiological variable is unchanging, but not necessarily normal
  • balance between demands placed on body and the body’s responses to those demeands
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4
Q

what are some examples of homeostasis in the body

A

body temperature regulation and arterial blood pressure

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5
Q

what are the intracellular control systems

A
  • protein breakdown and synthesis
  • energy production
  • maintenance of stored nutrients
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6
Q

examples of organ systems that are part of the control system within the body

A

pulmonary and circulatory systems

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7
Q

define a biological control system

A

series of interconnected components that maintain a physical or chemical parameter at a near constant value

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8
Q

what are some components of the biological control system

A
  1. Sensor or Receptor: detects changes in variable
  2. control center: assesses input and initiates response
  3. effector: changes internal environment back to normal
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9
Q

negative feedback

A

response reverses the initial disturbance in homeostasis

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10
Q

positive feedback

A

response increases the original stimulus

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11
Q

what is “gain of a control system”

A

degree to which control system maintains homeostasis
-system with large gain is more capable of maintaining homeostasis than system with low gain (pulmonary and cardiovascular systems have LARGE gain)

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12
Q

what does the failure of the biological control system result in

A

disease, such as type 1 diabetes

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13
Q

exercise with regards to homeostasis

A

exercise actually disrupts homeostasis by causing changes in:

  1. pH
  2. oxygen and CO2 levels
  3. temperature

control systems are capable of maintaining steady state during submaximal exercise in a cool environemtn

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14
Q

Adaptation
Acclimatization
Cell Signaling

A

Adaptation: change in structure or function of cell or organ system, results in improved ability to maintain homeostasis

Acclimatization: adaptation to environmental stresses

Cell Signaling: communication between cells using chemical messengers, important for maintaining homeostasis

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15
Q

what areas of the brain maintains and regulates respiration

A

pons and medulla

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16
Q

at what levels are you considered to be hypoglycemic

A

below 70 mg/dL

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17
Q

what what levels are you considered to be hyperglycemic

A

above 99 mg/dL

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18
Q

list the 5 cell signaling mechanisms

A
  1. intracrine signaling: chemical messenger inside cell triggers response
  2. Juxtacrine signaling: chemical messenger passed between 2 connected cells
  3. autocrine signaling: chemical messenger acts on that same cell
  4. paracrine signaling: chemical messengers act on nearby cells
  5. endocrine signaling: chemical messengers released into blood, only affect cells with specific receptror
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19
Q

what do cells create when the body is under stress such as high temp or abnormal pH

A

cells synthesize stress proteins when homeostasis is disrupted

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20
Q

what are the 3 forms of biologic work

A
  1. mechanical work of muscle contraction
  2. chemical work for synthesizing cellular molecules
  3. transport work that concentrates diverse substances in body fluids
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21
Q

oxidation

A

a substance loses electrons

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22
Q

reduction

A

a substance gains electrons

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23
Q

what do redox reactions power

A

the body’s energy transfer processes

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24
Q

what is the main energy “currency”

A

ATP

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25
Q

what is a high energy phosphate compound

A

phosphocreatine

-releases large amounts of energy when bonds between creatine and phosphate are broken

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26
Q

how much more phosphocreatine does the body store than ATP

A

4-6 times as much PCr

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27
Q

what is phosphorylation

A

refers to the energy transfer through phosphate bonds

most of the energy for ATP phosphorylation comes from oxidation of carbs, lipids, and proteins

oxidative phosphorylation synthesizes ATP by transferring electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen

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28
Q

what are 4 sources for ATP formation

A
  1. glucose derived from liver glycogen
  2. triglyceride and glycogen molecules stored within muscle cells
  3. FFA derived from triglyceride that enter the bloodstream for delivery active muscle
  4. intramuscular and liver derived carbon skeletons of amino acids
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29
Q

Characteristics of the ATP-PC system

A

anaerobic
very rapid
chemical fuel is PC

very limited ATP production and muscle stores are limited

used with sprinters or any short duration high power activity

30
Q

characteristics of the lactic acid system

A

anaerobic
rapid
food fuel: glycogen

limited ATP production
by product is lactic acid that causes muscular fatigue

used with activities of 1-2 minutes long

31
Q

characteristics of the oxygen sytem

A

aerobic
slow
food fuel: glycogen, fats and protein
unlimited ATP production, no by products

used with long duration activities

32
Q

what are the 2 stages of glucose degradation

A
  1. anaerobic: glucose breaks down relatively rapidly to 2 molecules of pyruvate and lactic acid
  2. aerobic: pyruvate degrades further to carbon dioxide and water
33
Q

what is glycolysis

A

glycogen catabolism

34
Q

glycogenolysis

A

glycogen to glucose

35
Q

glucogenesis

A

glucose to glycgoen

36
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

more ATP from non carbs

37
Q

citric acid cycle

A

second stage of carb breakdown

-degrade acetyl-CoA substrate to CO2 and hydrogen atoms within the mitochondria

38
Q

what does NAD stand for and what vitamin is it

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (niacin)

39
Q

what does FAD stand for and what vitamin is it

A

flavin adenine dinucleotide

40
Q

what are the proteins in the ETC

A

cytochromes

41
Q

name of a plasma protein

A

albumin

42
Q

what is a coupled reaction

A

this is a reaction that has 2 parts, one has to happen with the other, they cant just individually exist. an example would be oxidation-reduction reactions

43
Q

what 2 molecules play an important role in the transfer of hydrogens and electrons

A

NAD and FAD

44
Q

what is the oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

A

NAD

45
Q

what is the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

A

NADH

46
Q

what is the enzyme that breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol

A

lipase

47
Q

what is a type of natural steroid in the body

A

cholesterol

48
Q

what amino acid can be converted to glucose in the liver

A

alanine

49
Q

what enzyme catalyzes the reaction

PC+ADP—–> ATP+C

A

creatine kinase

50
Q

what is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis

A

2

51
Q

where does glycolysis occur

A

in the sarcoplasm of the muscle cell

52
Q

what are the inputs and outputs of glycolysis

A

Inputs: Outputs

  1. 1 glucose 2 pyruvate or 2 lactate
  2. 2 ADP 2ATP
  3. 2 NAD 2 NADH
53
Q

what is LDH

A

LDH= lactate deydrogenase
this enzyme catalyzes the reaction of pyruvic acid accepting a hydrogen atoms to form lactic acid and the reformation of NAD

54
Q

where does aerobic production of ATP occur

A

in the mitochondria

55
Q

what are the hydrogen (energy) carriers to complete the oxidation of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

A

NAD and FAD

56
Q

term for aerobic production of ATP

A

oxidative phosphorylation

57
Q

how are fatty acids oxidized into acetyl-CoA

A

beta oxidation

58
Q

what enzyme is responsible for carb metabolism (breakdown from glycogen to glucose)

A

phosphorylase

59
Q

name the enzyme that breaks down fat (adipose) into free fatty acids and glycerol

A

hormone sensitive lipase

60
Q

what substance can be synthesized from all three energy yielding nutrients

A

acetyl CoA

61
Q

what is the net ATP gained from each NADH that passes through the electron transport chain

A

3

62
Q

what is the net ATP gained from each FADH that passes through the electron transport chain

A

2

63
Q

what is the enzyme required to transport fat from the muscle to the cristae of the mitochondria

A

carnitine transferase

64
Q

name of the plasma protein which transports free fatty acids in the blood

A

albumin

65
Q

what does the acetyl portion of acetyl-CoA join with to form the citric acid

A

oxaloacetate

66
Q

during lipid metabolism:

what hormones help mobilization

A
  1. glucagon
  2. growth hormone
  3. testosterone
  4. epinephrin
67
Q

during lipid metabolism, where are the uptake receptors

A

on the sarcolemma

68
Q

what plays a role as an energy substrate during endurance activities and heavy training

A

protein

69
Q

define deamination

A

nitrogen is removed from the amino acid molecule

70
Q

define transamination

A

when an amino acid is passed to another compound

71
Q

what are the remaining carbon skeletons do once proteins have been deaminated and transaminated

A

they enter metabolic pathways to produce ATP

72
Q

what does protein catabolism facilitate

A

water loss

Exercise Physiology (8 decks)

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