exercise and immune function

Question 1

define immunity

Answer 1

all mechanisms used to protect the body against foreign agents such as

1. bacteria
2. viruses
3. fungi

Question 2

what are the 3 components/systems involved in the immune system

Answer 2

1. cellular and chemical components
2. innate immune system
3. acquired immune system

Question 3

what are the 3 components of the innate immune system

Answer 3

1. compliment proteins
2. cellular components
3. physical barriers

Question 4

what are the cellular components of the innate immune system

Answer 4

1. natural killer cells: destroy viruses, bacteria, and cancer cells, gives off cytokines
2. Phagocytes:
   - macrophages: located in tissues and produce cytokines that stimulate the immune response
   - neutrophils: exit the blood to enter tissues

Question 5

what are the physical barriers of the innate immune system

Answer 5

1. skin
2. mucus membranes
   - respiratory and reproductive tracts and gut

Question 6

what is the complement system

Answer 6

it is part of the innate immune system that

1. attach to the surface of a foreign agent
2. destroys bacteria by making a hole in the surface
3. tags surface of bacteria
4. serves a s chemoattractant

Question 7

Explain Acute Inflammation

Answer 7

Acute inflammation is the short term response to an injury such as a papercut

1. vasodilation: due to bradykinins from phagocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils
2. increased blood fllow which causes edema
3. Pain is caused by kinins

Question 8

explain chronic inflammation

Answer 8

persistent infection of prolonged immune response

1. increased circulation of cytokines and c-reactive protein

Question 9

What is the acquired immune system

Answer 9

1. an adaptive immune response: recognize and remember certain pathogens

Question 10

what are the major cells involved in the acquired immune system

Answer 10

1. b cells: secrete antibodies
2. T cells: recognize protein anitgens
3. Antibodies: fight against foreign antigens
4. antigens: stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies
5. Killer T cells: cytotoxic T cells, kill virus infected cells
6. helper t cells: secrete cytokines that enhance immunity
7. regulatory t cells: prevent immune system from attacking antigens

Question 11

what effect does exercise have on upper respiratory tract infection

Answer 11

1. people who engage in regular moderate exercise are at lower risk of URTIs
   - 18-67%
2. risk is much higher for people who engage in INTENSE exercise

Question 12

how long should you exercise to reduce the risk of URTI

Answer 12

20-40 minutes at 40-60% VO2 max

Question 13

why is regular exercise beneficial for reducing URTI

Answer 13

exercise causes boosts in the innate immune system

Question 14

what are some factors for athletes affecting the susceptibility to infection

Answer 14

1. increased exporsure to pathogens
2. exercise induced immune suppression
3. inadequate diet
4. mental stress
5. lack of sleep

Question 15

when you are sick, when is it ok to exercise

Answer 15

when the sickness is not in your lungs, fever, or if you are fatigued

Question 16

what type of diet negatively affects the immune system

Answer 16

a high fat diet

Question 17

what amino acid is important in immune function

Answer 17

glutamine

Question 18

what factors lower muscle glutamine levels

Answer 18

sepsis
injury
burns
surgery
endurance exercise