Exercise and Hormone Function

Question 1

Endocrine System

Answer 1

1. second messenger system of the body

2. uses chemical messages (hormones) that are released into the blood

Question 2

what do hormones control

Answer 2

1. reproduction
2. growth and development
3. mobilization of body defenses
4. maintenance of homeostasis
5. regulation of metabolism

Question 3

where are hormones secreted into

Answer 3

extracellular fluids

Question 4

how are hormones delivered to target sites?

Answer 4

they bind to a protein in the blood in ordered to be transferred to their specific target sites

Question 5

what is the role of cyclic AMP

Answer 5

secondary messenger

-it does the hormones job without the hormone entering the cell

Question 6

what glands are activated to release hormones by the anterior pituitary gland

Answer 6

1. thyroid gland
2. adrenal cortex
3. gonad (testis)

Question 7

when there is a low concentration of Ca, what does this stimulate

Answer 7

stimulates the parathyroid glands and it secretes the parathyroid hormone (PTH)
-this hormone then proceeds to go to the bone which causes the osteoclasts to break down the bone to release Ca into the blood

Question 8

what occurs when the blood Ca levels are too high

Answer 8

1. thyroid gland releases calcitonin
2. Calcitonin goes to the bones and to the kidney
3. In the bone, it prevents osteoclasts from breaking down the bone
4. in the kidney, it prevents the re-absorption of Ca which results in excretion through urine

Question 9

list the 10 major endocrine organs

Answer 9

1. pineal gland
2. hypothalamus
3. pituitary gland
4. thyroid gland
5. parathyroid gland
6. thymus gland
7. adrenal glands
8. pancreas
9. ovary
10. Testis

Question 10

Pituitary Gland

Answer 10

• size of a grape
• hangs from the hypothalamus
• protected by the sphenoid bone
• has 2 functional lobes
  1. anterior pituitary-glandular tissue
  2. posterior pituitary-nervous tissue

Question 11

how many anterior pituitary hormones are there

Answer 11

6

• 2 affect non endocrine targets
• 4 stimulate other endocrine glands (tropic hormones)

Question 12

what are the 6 hormones released by the anterior pituitary gland

Answer 12

1. growth hormone—>bones and muscles
2. Prolactin (PRL)—>mammary glands
3. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)—> testes or ovaries
4. luteinizing hormone (LH)—>testes or ovaries
5. thyrotropic hormone (TSH)—>thyroid
6. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)—>adrenal cortex

Question 13

1. what does ADH stand for
2. what is another name for it
3. what does it do

Answer 13

1. antidirretic
2. vasopression
3. regulates water in the body

Question 14

what 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary gland release

Answer 14

1. ADH—>kidney tubules

2. Oxytocin—>mammary glands & uterine muscles

Question 15

Hormones of the adrenal Medulla

Answer 15

Catecholamines
1. epinephrine
2. Norepinephrine
These two are carried by albumin
these prepare the body to deal with short term stress

Question 16

give an example of mineralocorticoids

Answer 16

aldosterone: sodium re-absorption in kidneys

Question 17

pancreatic Islets

Answer 17

islets of the pancreas produce hormones

1. insulin allows glucose to cross plasma membranes into cells from beta cells
2. glucagon allows glucose to enter the blood from alpha cells

*these hormones are antagonists that maintain blood sugar homeostasis

Question 18

Estrogens

1. what are the produced by
2. what do they stimulate
3. other functions

Answer 18

1. produced by the graafian follicles or the placenta
2. stimulates the development of secondary female characteristics

Other functions

1. matures female reproductive organs
2. helps prepare the uterus to receive a fertilized egg
3. helps maintain pregnancy
4. prepares the breasts to produce milk

Question 19

Progesterone

Answer 19

produced by the corpus luteum

• acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle
• helps in the implementation of an embryo in the uterus

Question 20

what are 2 hormones produced by the ovaries

Answer 20

estrogen and progesterone

Question 21

what cells in the testes are hormone producing

Answer 21

interstitial cells

Question 22

what do the interstitial cells of the testes produce

Answer 22

several types of androgens

1. testosterone is the most important

Question 23

what is testosterone do

Answer 23

1. responsible for adult male secondary sex characteristics
2. promotes growth and maturation of male reproductive system
3. required for sperm cell production

Question 24

define down regulation

Answer 24

decreased numbers of cell receptors, less hormone can bind to the cell and higher concentrations of the hormone remain in the blood plasma

Question 25

define up regulation

Answer 25

increased number of cell receptors, more hormone can bind to the cell and lower concentrations of the hormone remain in the blood plasma

Question 26

hormonal adaptation | 1. Resting concentrations

Answer 26

resting concentrations are generally less

Question 27

Acute Effects of endurance training in the anterior pituitary 1. endorphins 2. prolactin 3. somatotropin

Answer 27

1. endorphins increase with long duration exercise 2. prolactin increases with intensity 3. somatotropin increases with moderate intensity

Question 28

acute effects of endurance training in the posterior pituitary 1. vasopressin (ADH)

Answer 28

increases with intensity

Question 29

acute effects of endurance training in the adrenal cortex 1. aldosterone 2. cortisol

Answer 29

1. aldosterone increases with intensity | 2. cortisol increases 60-90% of VO2 max also increases with intensity and duration

Question 30

acute effects of endurance training in the adrenal medulla 1. norepinephrine 2. epinephrine

Answer 30

1. norepinephrine increases 50-60% of VO2 max, increases with intensity 2. epinephrine is parallel to norepinephrine but less

Question 31

acute effects of endurance training in the thyroid 1. triiodothyronine (T3) 2. thyroxine (T4)

Answer 31

1. triiodothyronine increases with intensity | 2. thyroxine increases with intensity

Question 32

acute effects of endurance training in the pancreas 1. glucagon 2. insulin

Answer 32

1. glucagon 1-2 hours after onset of exercise | 2. insulin decreases 50% of VO2 max

Question 33

acute effects of endurance training in the parathyroid | 1. parathormone

Answer 33

1. increases with long duration exercise

Question 34

acute effects of endurance training in the ovaries 1. estrogen 2. progesterone

Answer 34

1. estrogen increases with exercise | 2. progesterone increases with exercise

Question 35

acute effects of endurance training in the testes | 1. testosterone

Answer 35

1. testosterone increases with exercise

Question 36

acute effects of endurance training in the kidney | 1. renin

Answer 36

1. increases with intensity

Question 37

chronic effects with endurance training in the hypothalamus-pituitary hormones 1. ACTH 2. Endorphin 3. FS/LH 4. Estrogen 5. Testosterone 6. Somatotropin

Answer 37

1. ACTH increases 2. endorphin decreases 3. FS/LH decreases 4. estrogen decreases 5. testosterone decreases UNLESS you are a resistance trained male it increases 6. somatotropin has no change at rest but decreases during exercise

Question 38

chronic effects of endurance training in the thyroid hormones 1. triiodothyronine (T3) 2. thyroxine

Answer 38

1. triiodothyronine decreases, increased turnover | 2. thyroxine (T4) decreases, increased turnover

Question 39

what 2 hormones raise the overall body metabolism and need iodine to be activated

Answer 39

1. triiodothyronine | 2. thryoxine

Question 40

chronic effects of endurance training in the adrenal hormones 1. cortisol 2. norepinephrine 3. epinephrine

Answer 40

1. cortisol increases slightly 2. norepinephrine decreases 3. epinephrine decreases

Question 41

chronic effects of endurance training in the pancreatic hormones 1. glucagon 2. insulin

Answer 41

1. glucagon decreases | 2. insulin decreases