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Exercise Physiology > Exercise and Hormone Function > Flashcards

Exercise and Hormone Function Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine System

A
  1. second messenger system of the body

2. uses chemical messages (hormones) that are released into the blood

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2
Q

what do hormones control

A
  1. reproduction
  2. growth and development
  3. mobilization of body defenses
  4. maintenance of homeostasis
  5. regulation of metabolism
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3
Q

where are hormones secreted into

A

extracellular fluids

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4
Q

how are hormones delivered to target sites?

A

they bind to a protein in the blood in ordered to be transferred to their specific target sites

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5
Q

what is the role of cyclic AMP

A

secondary messenger

-it does the hormones job without the hormone entering the cell

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6
Q

what glands are activated to release hormones by the anterior pituitary gland

A
  1. thyroid gland
  2. adrenal cortex
  3. gonad (testis)
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7
Q

when there is a low concentration of Ca, what does this stimulate

A

stimulates the parathyroid glands and it secretes the parathyroid hormone (PTH)
-this hormone then proceeds to go to the bone which causes the osteoclasts to break down the bone to release Ca into the blood

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8
Q

what occurs when the blood Ca levels are too high

A
  1. thyroid gland releases calcitonin
  2. Calcitonin goes to the bones and to the kidney
  3. In the bone, it prevents osteoclasts from breaking down the bone
  4. in the kidney, it prevents the re-absorption of Ca which results in excretion through urine
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9
Q

list the 10 major endocrine organs

A
  1. pineal gland
  2. hypothalamus
  3. pituitary gland
  4. thyroid gland
  5. parathyroid gland
  6. thymus gland
  7. adrenal glands
  8. pancreas
  9. ovary
  10. Testis
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10
Q

Pituitary Gland

A
  • size of a grape
  • hangs from the hypothalamus
  • protected by the sphenoid bone
  • has 2 functional lobes
    1. anterior pituitary-glandular tissue
    2. posterior pituitary-nervous tissue
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11
Q

how many anterior pituitary hormones are there

A

6

  • 2 affect non endocrine targets
  • 4 stimulate other endocrine glands (tropic hormones)
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12
Q

what are the 6 hormones released by the anterior pituitary gland

A
  1. growth hormone—>bones and muscles
  2. Prolactin (PRL)—>mammary glands
  3. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)—> testes or ovaries
  4. luteinizing hormone (LH)—>testes or ovaries
  5. thyrotropic hormone (TSH)—>thyroid
  6. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)—>adrenal cortex
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13
Q
  1. what does ADH stand for
  2. what is another name for it
  3. what does it do
A
  1. antidirretic
  2. vasopression
  3. regulates water in the body
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14
Q

what 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary gland release

A
  1. ADH—>kidney tubules

2. Oxytocin—>mammary glands & uterine muscles

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15
Q

Hormones of the adrenal Medulla

A 
Catecholamines
1. epinephrine
2. Norepinephrine
These two are carried by albumin
these prepare the body to deal with short term stress
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16
Q

give an example of mineralocorticoids

A

aldosterone: sodium re-absorption in kidneys

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17
Q

pancreatic Islets

A

islets of the pancreas produce hormones

  1. insulin allows glucose to cross plasma membranes into cells from beta cells
  2. glucagon allows glucose to enter the blood from alpha cells

*these hormones are antagonists that maintain blood sugar homeostasis

18
Q

Estrogens

  1. what are the produced by
  2. what do they stimulate
  3. other functions
A
  1. produced by the graafian follicles or the placenta
  2. stimulates the development of secondary female characteristics

Other functions

  1. matures female reproductive organs
  2. helps prepare the uterus to receive a fertilized egg
  3. helps maintain pregnancy
  4. prepares the breasts to produce milk
19
Q

Progesterone

A

produced by the corpus luteum

  • acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle
  • helps in the implementation of an embryo in the uterus
20
Q

what are 2 hormones produced by the ovaries

A

estrogen and progesterone

21
Q

what cells in the testes are hormone producing

A

interstitial cells

22
Q

what do the interstitial cells of the testes produce

A

several types of androgens

1. testosterone is the most important

23
Q

what is testosterone do

A
  1. responsible for adult male secondary sex characteristics
  2. promotes growth and maturation of male reproductive system
  3. required for sperm cell production
24
Q

define down regulation

A

decreased numbers of cell receptors, less hormone can bind to the cell and higher concentrations of the hormone remain in the blood plasma

25
Q

define up regulation

A

increased number of cell receptors, more hormone can bind to the cell and lower concentrations of the hormone remain in the blood plasma

26
Q

hormonal adaptation

1. Resting concentrations

A

resting concentrations are generally less

27
Q

Acute Effects of endurance training in the anterior pituitary

  1. endorphins
  2. prolactin
  3. somatotropin
A
  1. endorphins increase with long duration exercise
  2. prolactin increases with intensity
  3. somatotropin increases with moderate intensity
28
Q

acute effects of endurance training in the posterior pituitary
1. vasopressin (ADH)

A

increases with intensity

29
Q

acute effects of endurance training in the adrenal cortex

  1. aldosterone
  2. cortisol
A
  1. aldosterone increases with intensity

2. cortisol increases 60-90% of VO2 max also increases with intensity and duration

30
Q

acute effects of endurance training in the adrenal medulla

  1. norepinephrine
  2. epinephrine
A
  1. norepinephrine increases 50-60% of VO2 max, increases with intensity
  2. epinephrine is parallel to norepinephrine but less
31
Q

acute effects of endurance training in the thyroid

  1. triiodothyronine (T3)
  2. thyroxine (T4)
A
  1. triiodothyronine increases with intensity

2. thyroxine increases with intensity

32
Q

acute effects of endurance training in the pancreas

  1. glucagon
  2. insulin
A
  1. glucagon 1-2 hours after onset of exercise

2. insulin decreases 50% of VO2 max

33
Q

acute effects of endurance training in the parathyroid

1. parathormone

A
  1. increases with long duration exercise
34
Q

acute effects of endurance training in the ovaries

  1. estrogen
  2. progesterone
A
  1. estrogen increases with exercise

2. progesterone increases with exercise

35
Q

acute effects of endurance training in the testes

1. testosterone

A
  1. testosterone increases with exercise
36
Q

acute effects of endurance training in the kidney

1. renin

A
  1. increases with intensity
37
Q

chronic effects with endurance training in the hypothalamus-pituitary hormones

  1. ACTH
  2. Endorphin
  3. FS/LH
  4. Estrogen
  5. Testosterone
  6. Somatotropin
A
  1. ACTH increases
  2. endorphin decreases
  3. FS/LH decreases
  4. estrogen decreases
  5. testosterone decreases UNLESS you are a resistance trained male it increases
  6. somatotropin has no change at rest but decreases during exercise
38
Q

chronic effects of endurance training in the thyroid hormones

  1. triiodothyronine (T3)
  2. thyroxine
A
  1. triiodothyronine decreases, increased turnover

2. thyroxine (T4) decreases, increased turnover

39
Q

what 2 hormones raise the overall body metabolism and need iodine to be activated

A
  1. triiodothyronine

2. thryoxine

40
Q

chronic effects of endurance training in the adrenal hormones

  1. cortisol
  2. norepinephrine
  3. epinephrine
A
  1. cortisol increases slightly
  2. norepinephrine decreases
  3. epinephrine decreases
41
Q

chronic effects of endurance training in the pancreatic hormones

  1. glucagon
  2. insulin
A
  1. glucagon decreases

2. insulin decreases

Exercise Physiology (8 decks)

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