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Exercise Physiology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

what is the leading cause of serious illness and death in the United States

A

Cardiovascular disease

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2
Q

The death rate from cardiovascular disease is steadily declining since the 1960s. Why?

A
  1. improved public awareness and lifestyle changes
  2. better and earlier diagnosis
  3. better treatment options
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3
Q

what are the 4 main cardiovascular diseases

A
  1. Coronary Heart disease
  2. hypertension
  3. stroke
  4. heart failure
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4
Q

what type of cardiovascular disease accounts for half of the cardiovascular deaths

A

Coronary Heart Disease

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5
Q

Explain what Coronary Heart Disease is

A
  1. Progressive narrowing of coronary arteries
  2. fatty plaque formation
  3. atherosclerosis
  4. blood supply to myocardium compromised
  5. myocardial ischemia leads to angina pectoris
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6
Q

what can CHD lead to

A

myocardial infarction

  • heart attack
  • irreversible heart muscle cell death due to lack of O2
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7
Q

when does coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis first begin to develop

A
  1. begins in early life
  2. fatty streaks appear in infancy
  3. fatty streaks appear in coronary arteries in teens
  4. fibrous plagues develop in 20s
  5. results from a combination of genetics and lifestyle
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8
Q

define hypertension

A 
1. high blood pressure
140/90mmHg
2. heart must work harder to eject blood
3. places greater strain on arteries
4. causes enlarged heart, scarred stiff arteries
5. eventually leads to atherosclerosis
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9
Q

what percent of the US population does hypertension affect

A

32%

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10
Q

According to the JNC8 guidelines, what are the recommended blood pressure values for:

  1. Age >=60
  2. General pop under 60
  3. Diabetic, all adults
A
  1. age greater than 60: SBP <150 DBP <90
  2. General pop under 60: SBP<140 DBP<90
  3. Diabetic: SBP<140 DBP<90
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11
Q

Hypertension is more common in what race

A

Black Americans

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12
Q

what do strokes affect

A

affects cerebral arteries by restricting brain blood flow

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13
Q

what is the most common type of stroke

A

ischemic stroke

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14
Q

what is an ischemic stroke

A
  1. obstructed cerebral artery limits O2 delivery
  2. cerebral thrombosis
  3. cerebral embolism
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15
Q

what is a hemorrhagic stroke

A
  1. intracerebral hemorrhage
  2. subarachnoid hemorrhage
  3. vessel in or on brain ruptures
  4. arises from aneurysms
  5. rupture causes ischemia and pressure on brain resulting in death of brain tissue
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16
Q

what is affected by a stroke on the right side of the brain

A
  1. vision problems and memory loss

2. quick, inquisitive behavior

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17
Q

what is affected by a stroke on the left side of the brain

A
  1. speech, language, memory loss

2. slow caution behavior

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18
Q

explain Heart Failure

A
  1. Chronic, progressive weakening of the heart
  2. Too weak to maintain cardiac output
  3. Results from damage to and overworking of heart
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19
Q

what causes heart failure

A

Hypertension is main contributor (75% of cases)

-other causes atherosclerosis, valve diseases, viral infection, MI

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20
Q

what does heart failure cause

A

edema and pulmonary edema

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21
Q

what type of cardiovascular disease ultimately requires a heart transplant

A

heart failure

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22
Q

what are the 3 other categories of cardiovascular diseases

A
  1. Peripheral Vascular disease
  2. Valvular diseases
  3. congenital heart disease
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23
Q

what are 2 types of peripheral vascular diseases

A
  1. arteriosclerosis

2. varicose veins

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24
Q

what are valvular diseases

A
  1. often from viral infections

2. rheumatic heart disease

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25
Q

what does congenital heart disease potentially affect

A

aorta
valve
septum

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26
Q

what makes up the layers of the vessel walls

A
  1. Tunica intima: endothelium
  2. Tunica Media: smooth muscle cells and elastin
  3. tunica adventitia: collagen
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27
Q

what was the early theory regarding coronary heart disease

A

initial injury to endothelium

  1. Platelets, monocytes adhere to injury (PDGF)
  2. Smooth muscle cells and lipids migrate to intima
  3. Collection of debris in intima  plaque
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28
Q

what is the recent theory regarding coronary heart disease

A

Monocytes attach between endothelial cells

  1. Become macrophages
  2. Ingest oxidized LDL-C
  3. Become large foam cells, form fatty streaks
  4. Endothelial cells slough off
    - Expose underlying connective tissue
    - Allows platelets to attach
    - Endothelial injury not always precipitating event
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29
Q

where does endothelial injury or disruption come from

A
  1. High blood LDL
  2. Free radicals from cigarette smoke
  3. Hypertension
  4. High plasma homocysteine
  5. Infectious microorganisms
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30
Q

what disease is now considered to be a inflammatory disease

A

atherosclerosis

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31
Q

what are the 4 uncontrollable CHD risk factors

A
  1. heredity
  2. race
  3. sex
  4. age
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32
Q

what are the 6 controllable CHD primary risk factors

A
  1. tobacco smoke
  2. hypertension
  3. abnormal blood lipid profile
  4. physical inactivity
  5. obesity
  6. diabetes
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33
Q

what are the 7 controllable risk factors for hypertension

A
  1. Insulin resistance
  2. Obesity, overweight
  3. Diet (sodium, alcohol)
  4. Tobacco use
  5. Oral contraceptives
  6. Stress
  7. Physical inactivity
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34
Q

which is more important when trying to decrease risk for CHD: physical activity of fitness

A

physical activity

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35
Q

if you ran 6mph for 1 hour per week, how would that affect your risk for CHD

A

decrease by 42%

36
Q

if you weight trained for 30 min per week, how would that affect your risk for CHD

A

decrease by 23%

37
Q

if go for a brisk walk 30 min per day how would that affect your risk for CHD

A

decrease by 18%

38
Q

what are the 4 physiological adaptations to exercise that may reduce the risk for CHD

A
  1. increased contractility via LV hypertrophy
  2. increase diameter and capacity of coronary vessels
  3. increase endothelial function and vasodilation
  4. decrease vascular inflammation
39
Q

what effects does exercise have on CHD risk factors (7)

A
  1. lower bp
  2. lower LDL
  3. higher HDL
  4. lower total cholesterol relative to HDL
  5. decreased inflammation
  6. increased endothelial function
  7. increased insulin sensitivity
40
Q

exercise exerts biggest effect on what risk factor

A

blood lipid profile

41
Q

what are 3 physiological adaptations to exercise regarding hypertension

A
  1. increased plasma volume
  2. decrease in overall sympathetic nervous activity
  3. increase vasodilation and vascular remodeling
42
Q

what 3 risk factors does exercise decrease regarding hypertension

A
  1. decrease body fat
  2. decrease blood glucose levels
  3. decrease insulin resistance
43
Q

what is the risk of a heart attack and death during exercise

A
  1. very low, 1 death in 396,000 person hours of exercise

2. habitual exercise decreases risk of death

44
Q

how does aerobic exercise help prevent future complications with patients who have heart disease

A
  1. increase capillary muscle fiber ratio
  2. increase plasma volume
  3. increase or maintain O2 supply to heart
  4. increase blood flow to heart
  5. increase LV function
45
Q

what does a comprehensive program for patients with cardiovascular disease consist of

A
  1. exercise
  2. counseling (nutritional, psychological, sexual)
  3. support forums
46
Q

by what percent does exercise rehabilitation improve outcomes for mortality and death

A
  1. 20% lower total mortality

2. 26% lower risk of death from subsequent MI

47
Q

definition of being overweight

A
  1. Body weight exceeds standard weight for given height and frame size
  2. Not precise terminology
  3. Does not account for body composition
48
Q

definition of obesity

A
  1. Excessive body fat (men >25%, women >35%)

2. Borderline obese: men 20 to 25%, women 30 to 35%

49
Q

what are the overweight and obese classifications for BMI

A
  1. Overweight: 25.0 to 29.9 kg/m2

2. Obese: 30.0+ kg/m2

50
Q

how has the prevalence of overweight and obesity changed over the years

A
  1. prevalence of overweight has not changed much

2. obesity continues to increase

51
Q

in what age range has the prevalence of obesity decreased

A

2-5 year olds

52
Q

how does age affect fat mass and lean body mass

A

increases fat mass

decrease body mass

53
Q

on average, how much weight does a person over the age of 25 gain per year

A

.7-1 pound per year

54
Q

what are 3 factors controlling body weight

A
  1. hormones
  2. appetite
  3. energy expenditure changes in response to weight loss or decreased intake
55
Q

what are 3 ways the body may use to regulate around a set point

A
  1. RMR
  2. TEM
  3. TEA thermal effect of activity
56
Q

define RMR

A

Body’s metabolic rate in the early morning

60 to 75% of total energy expenditure

57
Q

define TEM

A

Energy expended to digest, store nutrients, etc.
10% of total energy expenditure
May be defective in obese individuals

58
Q

define TEA

A

Energy expended to accomplish activities

15 to 30% of total energy expenditure

59
Q

the balance of RMR TEM and TEA helps in what 3 ways

A
  1. helps body adapt to increase or decrease kilocaloire intake
  2. controlled by sympathetic nervous system
  3. key for maintaining weight around set point
60
Q

what are 3 physiological factors affecting obesity

A
  1. heredity/genetics
  2. hormonal imbalances
  3. altered basic homeostatic mechanisms
61
Q

3 lifestyle factors affecting obesity

A
  1. cultural habits
  2. inadequate physical activity
  3. improper
62
Q

obesity and being overweight are associated with what 6 things

A
  1. Cardiovascular disease
  2. Type 2 diabetes
  3. Cancer (endometrial, breast, colon)
  4. Liver, gallbladder disease
  5. Osteoarthritis
  6. Sleep apnea
63
Q

what are the 2 types of body fat distribution and what genders are associated most with them

A
  1. upper body (android) men

2. lower body (gynoid) women

64
Q

what measurement identifies fat distribution

A

waist hip girth ratio and visceral fat index

65
Q

which of the 2 body fat distribution types have a higher risk for CVD, elevated blood lipids, and diabetes

A

android

66
Q

what 8 things does weight loss reduce the severity of

A
  1. Angina pectoris
  2. Hypertension
  3. Congestive heart disease
  4. Heart attack recurrence
  5. Varicose veins
  6. Diabetes
  7. Orthopedic problems
67
Q

how do hormone treatments for weight loss work

A
  1. decrease appetite
  2. increase RMR
  3. serious side effects, life threatening
68
Q

what are the surgical treatments for weight loss

A
  1. intestinal bypass

2. gastri banding or bypass

69
Q

how does EPOC affect metabolism

A

increases post exercise metabolism

70
Q

what are the body mass and composition changes with exercise

A
  1. decrease total weight

2. decrease fat mass

71
Q

what effect does exercise have on RMR

A

may increase RMR with training

72
Q

exercises effect on TEM

A

pre and postmeal exercise increases TEM

2. chronic exercise training inconclusive

73
Q

exercises effect on fat mobilization

A
  1. during exercise FFA mobilization increases

2. possible causes: hGH, sympathetic stimulatino

74
Q

what range of VO2 max does fat oxidation rates reach peak

A

55-72% VO2 max

75
Q

what is Type I diabetes

A
  1. autoimmune (B-cells destroyed, no insulin
  2. insulin dependent diabetes
  3. 5-10% of all diabetes cases
76
Q

What is type 2 diabetes

A
  1. Loss of insulin sensitivity (insulin resistance)
  2. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
  3. 90 to 95% of all diabetes cases
77
Q

who develops gestational diabetes and how common

A

develops in pregnant women

4% of pregnancies

78
Q

what are the 2 types of glucose tolerance tests

A

oral and intravenous diagnostic tests

79
Q

signs of type 1 diabetes

A
  1. Excessive urination, thirst
  2. Weight loss, extreme hunger
  3. Fatigue, irritability
80
Q

Signs of type 2 diabetes

A
  1. Any type 1 symptom
  2. Persistent infections, sores
  3. Vision changes
  4. Tingling, numbness in limbs
81
Q

what 6 health problems can diabetes cause

A
  1. cardiovascular disease
  2. kidney disease
  3. neural disease
  4. eye disorders
  5. dental disease
  6. amputations
82
Q

3 treatments for type 1 diabetes

A
  1. insulin administration
  2. diet
  3. exercise
83
Q

4 treatments for type 2 diabetes

A
  1. weight loss
  2. diet
  3. exercise
  4. recently developed drugs
84
Q

how does physical activity affect type 1 diabetes

A
  1. exercise complicates glycemic control
    - hypoglycemia a risk
    - can lead to unacceptable plasma glucose fluctuations
85
Q

how does physical activity affect type 2 diabetes

A
  1. Exercise enhances insulin sensitivity
    - Muscle contraction mimics insulin action
    - Lowers blood glucose
    - Decreases insulin requirement
    - Short-term (72 h) effect

Exercise Physiology (8 decks)

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