Final Exam Flashcards
what is the leading cause of serious illness and death in the United States
Cardiovascular disease
The death rate from cardiovascular disease is steadily declining since the 1960s. Why?
- improved public awareness and lifestyle changes
- better and earlier diagnosis
- better treatment options
what are the 4 main cardiovascular diseases
- Coronary Heart disease
- hypertension
- stroke
- heart failure
what type of cardiovascular disease accounts for half of the cardiovascular deaths
Coronary Heart Disease
Explain what Coronary Heart Disease is
- Progressive narrowing of coronary arteries
- fatty plaque formation
- atherosclerosis
- blood supply to myocardium compromised
- myocardial ischemia leads to angina pectoris
what can CHD lead to
myocardial infarction
- heart attack
- irreversible heart muscle cell death due to lack of O2
when does coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis first begin to develop
- begins in early life
- fatty streaks appear in infancy
- fatty streaks appear in coronary arteries in teens
- fibrous plagues develop in 20s
- results from a combination of genetics and lifestyle
define hypertension
1. high blood pressure 140/90mmHg 2. heart must work harder to eject blood 3. places greater strain on arteries 4. causes enlarged heart, scarred stiff arteries 5. eventually leads to atherosclerosis
what percent of the US population does hypertension affect
32%
According to the JNC8 guidelines, what are the recommended blood pressure values for:
- Age >=60
- General pop under 60
- Diabetic, all adults
- age greater than 60: SBP <150 DBP <90
- General pop under 60: SBP<140 DBP<90
- Diabetic: SBP<140 DBP<90
Hypertension is more common in what race
Black Americans
what do strokes affect
affects cerebral arteries by restricting brain blood flow
what is the most common type of stroke
ischemic stroke
what is an ischemic stroke
- obstructed cerebral artery limits O2 delivery
- cerebral thrombosis
- cerebral embolism
what is a hemorrhagic stroke
- intracerebral hemorrhage
- subarachnoid hemorrhage
- vessel in or on brain ruptures
- arises from aneurysms
- rupture causes ischemia and pressure on brain resulting in death of brain tissue
what is affected by a stroke on the right side of the brain
- vision problems and memory loss
2. quick, inquisitive behavior
what is affected by a stroke on the left side of the brain
- speech, language, memory loss
2. slow caution behavior
explain Heart Failure
- Chronic, progressive weakening of the heart
- Too weak to maintain cardiac output
- Results from damage to and overworking of heart
what causes heart failure
Hypertension is main contributor (75% of cases)
-other causes atherosclerosis, valve diseases, viral infection, MI
what does heart failure cause
edema and pulmonary edema
what type of cardiovascular disease ultimately requires a heart transplant
heart failure
what are the 3 other categories of cardiovascular diseases
- Peripheral Vascular disease
- Valvular diseases
- congenital heart disease
what are 2 types of peripheral vascular diseases
- arteriosclerosis
2. varicose veins
what are valvular diseases
- often from viral infections
2. rheumatic heart disease