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Biology > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

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0
Q

4 internal processes controlled by haemostasis

A

Water content
Ion content
Temp
Blood sugar

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1
Q

What is homeostasis

A

The process by which your body maintains a constant internal environment

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2
Q

3 waste products + how they are gotten rid of

A

CO2- lungs breathe out
Urea (produced by liver & is product if broken down amino acids)- removed from blood by kidneys.
Water/ion content- could damage or destroy cells- sweat

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3
Q

Describe the breakdown of amino acids

A

Amino acids—–dream inaction in liver—> ammonia—> urea–in blood to kidneys—–> urine

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4
Q

Name 3 things that happen in the liver

A

Excess amino acids into urea
Poisonous substances are detoxified
Old red blood cells are broken down, turned into iron and stored to make new red blood cells

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5
Q

What is the job of a kidney

A

Filter the blood

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6
Q

How does a healthy kidney produce urine

A

Filters blood (blood pressure forces down nephron)(proteins are too large)
Reabsorbs sugar
Reabsorbs any dissolved ions the body needs
Reabsorbs as much water as the body needs
Releases urea, excess ions and water as urine
The things that are reabsorbed= selective reabsorption.

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7
Q

How to balance water content in bodyq

A

Pituitary senses low water- by blood pressure
Releases hormone ADH
Causes kidneys to reabsorb more water- as ADH binds to receptors in kidney duct and makes them more permeable
More conc urine

If too high less ADH released (is a negative feedback system)

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8
Q

How does selective reabsorption happen?

A

Active transport

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9
Q

What is in urine

A

Urea
Excess salts
Excess water

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10
Q

Why do kidneys sometimes fail?

A

Low blood pressure-filtration doesn’t work properly
High blood pressure- damage filtration membranes
Infection- damage kidney tubules
Kidney stones= build up of pressure

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11
Q

What is wrong with kidneys failing

A

Toxins
Salts
Urea
Build up to dangerously high levels

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12
Q

Two ways to keep the patient alive after kidney failure

A

Dialysis

Transplant

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13
Q

How dialysis works

A

Arterial blood leaves arm
Passed through partially permeable membranes in dialysis machine. Surrounded by dialysis fluid
Clean blood renters arm

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14
Q

What is in dialysis fluid

A

Same conc of useful substances (glucose,mineral ions) as patients blood= don’t have to be reabsorbed.
However no urea so it diffuses out

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15
Q

How does a kidney transplant work

A

New healthy kidney (usually from a death but could be from a living donor)
Same tissue match
Placed in groin are with old ones left in
Must take immunosuppressant drugs to prevent rejection

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16
Q

What must you do to the dialysis fluid

A

Continuously change it in order to maintain a constant concentration gradient

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17
Q

Pros of kidney transplants

A

Keeps patient alive whilst waiting

18
Q

Cons of kidney transplant

A 
Expensive machinery
Regular & lengthy hospital visits 
Disruption to life
Long-term staffing costs
Dietary restrictions
19
Q

Pros of kidney dialysis

A

Independence restored
No dietary restrictions
Frees up dialysis machines
Normal kidney function restores

20
Q

Cons of kidney transplant

A 
Long recovery
Long waiting lists
Skilled surgeons required
Risk of infection & rejection
Immunosuppressant drugs
21
Q

Human body temp

A

37*c

22
Q

Why does body temp have to be kept constant

A

Enzymes to work

23
Q

How is body temp monitored

A

By thermoregulatory centre in brain and thermoreceptors in skin

24
Q

How does the skin respond to overcooling

A

Vasoconstriction of arterioles=less blood flow through capillaries so isn’t cooled by outside
Sweat production stops
Piloerection (hairs stand on end) traps a layer of warm layer next to skin. Insulating.
We shiver= more respiration

25
Q

How we react to overheating

A 
Vasodilation of arterioles 
More blood through skin capillaries 
Sweat glands produce sweat
As sweat evaporates skins surface energy is taken away so skin cools
Hairs lie flat so more heat is radiated
26
Q

Small organisms heat loss

A

Surface area: volume ration = high so rapid heat loss

27
Q

Large organisms

A

Surface area : volume = low so slow heat loss

28
Q

What organ controls blood glucose

A

Pancreas

29
Q

What does insulin do

A

Causes glucose to move from blood into cells

30
Q

What is excess glucose converted into and where

A

Glycogen in liver and muscles

31
Q

What happens when glycogen stores are full

A

Glucose is then stored as lipids

32
Q

If blood sugar levels gets too low (in a healthy not diabetic)

A

Pancreas detects low level
Pancreas releases glucagon
Glucagon cause glycogen in the liver to turn into glucose
Blood sugar level restored

33
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

No insulin or too little insulin produced

34
Q

How is type 1 diabetes controlled

A

Insulin

35
Q

What is type 2 diabetes

A

Body won’t respond to own insulin

Obesity is a significant factor

36
Q

How is type 2 diabetes controlled

A

Diet, exercise, drugs forcing body to react to insulin

37
Q

Glucose is a …

A

Sugar used in respiration

38
Q

Glycogen is a …

A

Storage carbohydrate found in liver and muscles

39
Q

Glucagon is a …

A

Hormone

40
Q

How are type 1 diabetics treated

A

With genetically engineered bacteria
Have to inject before every meal
Some use pumps

41
Q

New and experimental ways of treating or even curing diabetes (type1)

A

Pancreas transplant
Transplanting pancreatic cells
Use embryonic stem cells
Genetically engineer pancreatic cells

42
Q

If controlling diet, losing weight and exercise don’t work how do u treat type 2 diabetes

A

Drugs to…
Make insulin work better
Make the pancreas produce more insulin
Help reduce the amount of glucose you absorb from your gut

Biology (23 decks)

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