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Biology > Circulation > Flashcards

Circulation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q 
Phagocytes
Job
 Look
Nucleus
Adaptations
A

Defence/ immunity
3 lobed nucleus
Engulf invading pathogen
Secret enzyme to digest DNA of pathogen

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1
Q 
Red blood cell.
Job
Look
Nucleus
Adaptation
A 
Oxygen transport
Bio concave disc
No nucleus (more space for haemoglobin to carry oxygen)
Large surface area
Packed with haemoglobin
Smooth to slide through capillary tubes
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2
Q 
Lymphocytes
Job
Look
Nucleus
Adaptations
A

Defence/ immunity
Large central nucleus
Under chemical signals from phagocytes, releases antibodies
Antibodies are precisely shaped to bind to antigen son the surface of the pathogen.

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3
Q

Heart

A

Right = deoxygenated
Atrium top, ventricle bottom
Right from body to lung
Left from lung to body

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4
Q

Valves

A

Cuspid stops blood returning to atria.

Semi lunar stops blood falling back into the ventricles from the arteries.

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5
Q

Hepatic artery/ vein

A

Heart to / from liver

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6
Q

Renal artery / vein

A

Heart from/ to kidney

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7
Q

Femoral artery/ vein

A

Heart from / to lower body

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8
Q

Hepatic portal vein

A

Intestine to liver

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9
Q

Vena cava

A

From rest of body to heart

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10
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

From heart to lungs

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11
Q

Pulmonary vein

A

From lungs to heart

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12
Q

Aorta

A

From heart to rest of body

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13
Q

Arteries around heart and associated problems

A

Coronary arteries. 4 main branches.
Atheromas (fat deposits)
To stop: exercise, blood cholesterol low, saturated fat low, avoid stress, don’t smoke, reduce salt

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14
Q

Arteries

A

Endothelium: delicate lining of cells
Narrow lumen
Thick layer of muscle tissue and elastic fibres and connective tissue.
High pressure blood away from heart usually oxygenated.
Branches into smaller arterioles.

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15
Q

Capillaries

A

Walls made of single cell layers
Very narrow lumen. Just 1 red blood cell thick.
Slow blood flow to allow time for diffusion.
Plasma can leak out of pores creating tissue fluid.
Form highly branched capillary ness in all tissues.

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16
Q

Veins

A 
Endothelium
Wide lumen
Thin muscle layer
Layer has no elastic fibres so no pulse
Low pressure blood back to heart
Usually deoxygenated
Receives blood from smaller venules
Has valves to assist blood flow back to the heart
17
Q

How blood is helped to return to the heart.

A

Pocket valves in all large veins

Contraction of skeletal muscle especially in the legs.

18
Q

Deep vein thrombosis

A

Prolonged activity + dehydration.
Clot in the vein which the body will eventually break down.
However can cause a pulmonary embolism, fragments if clot lodge in small arteries in the heart.

19
Q

Coronary heart disease

A

Blood flow constricted by a plaque.

Small blood clot or thrombus= zero blood flow to cardiac muscle so that part of the heart will die.

20
Q

Treatment for coronary heart disease

A

Bypass using some vein from the leg to bypass clot.

Balloon angioplasty, stent remains in place

21
Q

Treatment for leaky valves

A

Mechanical, plastic cage with ball which moves up and down. Needs blood thinking and clotting drugs.
Biological valves, taken from pigs or humans. No drugs. Only lasts 15-20 years

22
Q

Blood groups

A 
Blood group-antigens-antibodies
A-A- anti B
B-B- anti A
AB-A&B- none
O-none- anti A&B
23
Q

Blood donors

A

Unsafe if plasma antibodies bind to antigens causing blood to clot=fatal.
O is universal donor

24
Q

Blood is…

A

A tissue consisting of a fluid called plasma

25
Q

Suspended in plasma…

A

White & red blood cells

Platelets

26
Q

Plasma transports

A

CO2 from organs to lungs
Soluble products of digestion
Urea from liver to kidneys

27
Q

Blood circulation system consists of

A

Blood vessels
Heart
Blood

28
Q

Arteries carry blood

A

Away from heart

29
Q

Veins carry blood

A

Back to heart

30
Q

Right side of heart

A

Deoxygenated to lungs

31
Q

Left side

A

Oxygenated from lungs to rest of body

32
Q

Human body uses what circulation

A

Double circulation

33
Q

Where is the natural pacemaker in the heart located

A

Right atrium in an area called the sinistral node

34
Q

Artificial hearts can be used for 2 reasons…

A

Keep patients alive whilst waiting for a transplant

Allow heart to rest and aid recovery

35
Q

Blot clotting

A

Controlled by a series of enzyme controlled reactions
Final reaction causes fibrinogen to change into fibrin
Fibrin forms a network of fibres trapping blood cells to form a clot
Clot dries to form a scab

36
Q

Oxygen transportation equations

A

Haemoglobin + oxygen –> oxyhemoglobin –> oxygen + haemoglobin

37
Q

What are antigens

A

Proteins on the surface of all cells

38
Q

What do white blood cells do to foreign antigens

A

Produce antibodies

39
Q

What happens if you mix the wrong blood groups

A

The antibodies will react with the antigens and the cells will stick together. This is called agglutinate and can be fatal

Biology (23 decks)

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