HnN anat Flashcards
what does the internal vs external carotid artery supply in the HnN region?
internal carotid artery –> cranial cavity
external carotid artery –> arteries in the neck
what are the boundaries of the neck?
superior: inferior border of mandible (jaw)
inferior: thoracic inlet
**IMPT
what is located at the C4 level of the neck?
- hyoid bone
- bificuration of CCA –> at upper border of thyroid
what is located at the C5 level of the neck?
thyroid
**IMPT
what is located at C6 level?
and what structure begins here?
- arch of cricoid cartilage
- start of esophagus
- start of trachea
[low yield]
what is located at C7?
vetebra prominence
*low yield
what is the arrangement of structures in the neck? (from top to bottom)
- hyoid bone
- thyrohyoid membrane
- thyroid notch
- thyroid/ laryngeal prominence (adam’s apple)
- thyroid cartildge
- cricothyroid muscle (supplied by external laryngeal nerve)
- cricoid cartildge (part of intrinsic muscles of larynx)
8.
what nerve supplies the cricothyroid muscle?
external laryngeal nerve
**HIGH YIELD
what are the margins of the anterior & posterior triangle of the neck?
ANTERIOR
superior: inferior margin of mandible
anterior: midline of the neck
posterior: anterior margin of SCM
POSTERIOR
inferior: clavicle
anterior: posterior margin of SCM
posterior: anterior margin of trapezius
**HIGH YIELD
what is 1 muscle that is not within any of the 3 parts of the neck fascial layers?
platsyma
what are the 3 layers of fascia in the neck?
- investing
- pre tracheal
- prevetebral
what are the 3 layers of fascia in the neck?
- investing
- pre tracheal
- pre vetebral
what do the 3 layers of fascia in the neck have in common?
they all contribute to the carotid sheath
**high yield
what are the boundaries of the anterior and posterior triangle of the neck
ANTERIOR TRIANGLE
anterior: midline of neck
posterior: anterior SCM
superior: INFERIOR MARGIN of mandible
POSTERIOR TRIANGLE
anterior: posterior SCM
inferior: clavicle
posterior: anterior of trapezius muscle
what does the pre tracheal fascia contain?
- trachea
- thyroid gland
- oesophagus
what does the pre vetebral layer of fascia in the neck contain?
- vetebrae
- anterior muscles of the neck
- posterior muscles of the neck
**high yield
what are the suprahyoid muscles of the neck?
- mylohyoid
- stylohyoid
- geniohyoid (located deep to the mylohyoid)
- digrastric (sling muscle)
what are the infrahyoid muscles of the neck also known as? and list the infrahyoid muscles in the neck
strap muscles
SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES
1. sternohyoid (sternum –> hyoid bone)
2. omohyoid (hyoid bone –> scapula)
DEEP MUSCLES
1. thyrohyoid (thyroid cartildge –> hyoid bone)
2. sternothyroid (sternum –> thyroid cartildge)
what is the relationship of the thyroid gland to all of strap muscles?
thyroid gland is located deep to all of the strap muscles
what is the relation of the vagus nerve to the arteries and veins in the HnN/ where can i find the vagus nerve?
vagus nerve is sandwiched between the CCA and IJV
where can i find the brachial plexus in the HnN?
located between the scalenus anterior and scalenus medius muscles
where can i find the phrenic nerve in the cross section of the HnN model?
above the sclaenus anterior muscle, below the carotid sheath
what are the contents of the carotid sheath?
- IJV
- CCA
- CNX
*low yield
what is the ansa cervicalis?
loop of motor fibres formed by C1-3 spinal nerves
= innervates 3/4 of infrahyoid muscles
= stablises larynx + assists in swallowing
what does the ansa cervicalis supply?
3 of the infrahyoid muscles
1. omohyoid
2. sternohyoid
3. sternothyroid
which nerve roots does the cervical plexus arise from?
ventral rami of C1-4 spinal nerve roots
MOTOR BRANCHES
C3-5: phrenic nerve
SENSORY BRANCHES
C2: lesser occipital nerve
C2-3: greater auricular nerve
C2-3 : transverse cervical nerve
C3-4: supraclavicular nerve
**high yield
what is the cricothyroid innervataed by?
vagus nerve –> external branch of superior laryngeal nerve
what is the function of the cricothyroid muscle?
tenses the vocal cords to increase phonation (increased pitch)
**high yield
describe the arterial supply from the heart to the thyroid gland
aortic arch
= brachiocephalic trunk (on R side)
= subclavian artery + CCA
= external + internal CA
- CCA
= external CA
= superior TA - subclavian artery
= inferior TA
**superior and inferior TA form an anastamosis to supply the thyroid gland
where can I locate the recurrent laryngeal nerve?
the recurrent laryngeal nerve runs along with the inferior thyroid artery
what can be found in the histology of a thyroid gland
within thyroid follicles there are colloids and colliculr cells`
what is the relationship between the lymph node drainage and the venous dainage
where are the deep cervical lymph nodes located?
where are the superficial cervical lymph nodes located?
deep cervical lymph node: along IJV
superficial cervical lymph node: along EJV
- drains the skin and superficial structures
where does the lymphatic drainage from the right vs left side of the body drain into? and where does it enter the venous system?
right: right lymphatic duct
left: thoracic duct
enters the venous system at the venous angle (where the IJV meets the subclavian vein)
describe the superficial vs deep venous drainage in the HnN region
SUPERFICIAL
retromandibular vein
–> external jugular vein
–> subclavian vein
–> brachiocephallic vein
DEEP
facial + lingual + superior and middle thyroid veins
–> IJV
–> subclavian vein
–> brachiocephallic vein
what haemorrage and artery rupture is caused by a pterion fracture?
pterion fracture
= MMA (middle meningeal artery) rupture
= intracranial haemorrage
identify this structure
infraorbital foramen
(intraorbital nerves and vessels pass through this foramen)
identify the foramen and the nerves that pass through it
mental foramen
identify this structure and what passes through it
foramen magnum
what are the layers of the scalp - from skin to bone
SCALP
skin
connective tissue
aponeurosis
loose aerolar tissue
pericranium
what are the paranasal sinuses?
- frontal sinus (within frontal bone of skull)
- drainage via frontonasal duct
- sensation by supraorbial nerve - ethmoid sinus
- sphenoid sinus
- maxillary sinus
