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M2 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

where does the PP arise from

A

floor of the 3rd ventricle

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2
Q

what link does the PP have to the hypothalamus

A

neural link

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3
Q

what link does the AP have to the hypothalamus

A

vascular link

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4
Q

what does the PP secrete

A

2 hormones: oxytocin and ADH
- synthesised in hypothalamus

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5
Q

what does the AP release?

A
  1. ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
  2. GH
  3. prolactin
  4. TSH
  5. FSH
  6. LH
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6
Q

what does ACTH stand for

A

adenocorticotropic hormone

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7
Q

what stimulates ACTH release?

A

CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) by the hypothalamus

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8
Q

what 3 hormones does the thyroid gland produce

A
  1. fT3 –> triiodothyronine
  2. T4 –> thyroxine
  3. calcitonin
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9
Q

what is fT3

A

triiodothyronine

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10
Q

what does the production T3 and T4

A

iodine and tyrosine

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11
Q

which is more abundant T3 or T4?

A

T4 > T3

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12
Q

fT3 is also known as the ____ which is most abundant near ____

A
  • active thyroid hormone
  • the target organs
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13
Q

when is the purpose of T3 and when do T3 levels decrease?

A
  • purpose: nutrient metabolism
  • sickness and fasting
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14
Q

what does fT3 bind to

A

fT3 binds to nuclear receptor
= regulates gene transcription

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15
Q
A
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15
Q

what is the purpose of T4?

A
16
Q

what is the medication that causes both hypo and hyper thyrodism?

A
17
Q

what blood tests to test for graves

A
  1. Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobin (TSI)
  2. anti thyroid antibody
18
Q

what is the negative feedback loop?

A
19
Q
A

secondary: elevated fT4, T3, TSH

20
Q

how to manage graves disease?

A

medical:
1. thioamides
2. potassium iodine
3. radioactive iodine 131 (second line definitive treatment) –> will likely cause hypothyrodisim

surgical: total thyroidectomy

21
Q

what is jod-basedows phenomenon?

A

large doses of exogenous iodine cause hyperthyrodism

22
Q

(how is agranulocytosis linked to thyroid)

A

agranulocytosis
= low neutrophil count
= NEED to come to A&E to check blood works if get a fever/ sick/ etc.

23
Q

how are hormones transported?

A

free (T3/fT4) or protein bound (not bioactive or bioavailable)

24
Q

what are the 2 main types of cell surface receptors?

A
  1. GPCR
  2. RTK
25
Q

full names for T3 and T4

A

T3: tri|iodo|thyroNine
T4: thyroXine

26
Q

what do parafollicular C cells secrete?

A

calcitonin
= inhibit bone resorption
= decrease plasma Ca2+

**effect of calcitonin is weaker than PTH effect

27
Q

what are the 2 states that Ca2+ exists in, and which one is active?

A

ionised (active)
unionised (inactive)

28
Q

what is the cofactor to PTH?

A

magnesium

29
Q

which terminus of PTH binds to the PTH receptor?

A

N terminus

30
Q
A

M2 (20 decks)

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