Endocrine - ARTS Flashcards
is the thyroid gland heavier in males or females?
females (20-25g) heavier, due to more need for reproductive hormones
- right lobe
- left lobe
- isthmus (anterior to the trachea)
parathyroid glands
external carotid artery –> superior thyroid artery
subclavian artery –> thyrocervical trunk –> inferior thyroid artery
internal jugular vein –> superior thyroid artery
left brachocephallic vein –> inferior thyroid artery
what happens if there is goiter? (enlargement of the thyroid)
- compression of the recurrent laryengeal nerve
= hoarseness - compression of trachea
= dyspnea and stridor - compression of esophagus
= dysphagia
what do follicular vs parafollicular C cells secrete?
follicular: T3/4
parafollicular: calcitonin
what is the cofactor of PTH
magnesium
what is the wolff chaikoff effect?
large amount of iodine enters thyroid
= inhibition of thyroid peroxidase
= no iodination of tyrosine residues
= decrease in T3/4 pdtn
= hypothyrodism
which terminus of PTH does the receptor bind to
N terminus
constipation vs diarrhoea –> hyper or hypothyrodism?
diarrhoea: hyper
constipation: hypo
what are the cardiovascular and lower limb effects of hyper vs hypothyrodism?
CVS
hyper: AF
hypo: pericardial effusion (slow metabolic rate = reduced heart function = fluid buildup in pericardial sac)
LL
hyper:
1. pretibial myxoedema (localised skin thickening)
2. proximal myopathy (due to catabolic muscle breakdown by excess thyroid hormones)
hypo:
proximal myopathy (due to muscle wasting)
what are symptoms of hypoK+?
- tingling/ numbness
- fatigue
- muscle cramps
- arrythmia on ECG
what are the 4 pathologies associated with diffused and symmetrical goiters?
- graves (hyper)
- hashimotos (hypo)
- de quervains (transient hyper followed by hypo)
- simple hyperplasia
what the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex?
1.
