Endocrine - ARTS Flashcards

1
Q

is the thyroid gland heavier in males or females?

A

females (20-25g) heavier, due to more need for reproductive hormones

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2
Q
A
  • right lobe
  • left lobe
  • isthmus (anterior to the trachea)
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3
Q
A

parathyroid glands

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4
Q
A

external carotid artery –> superior thyroid artery

subclavian artery –> thyrocervical trunk –> inferior thyroid artery

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5
Q
A

internal jugular vein –> superior thyroid artery

left brachocephallic vein –> inferior thyroid artery

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6
Q

what happens if there is goiter? (enlargement of the thyroid)

A
  1. compression of the recurrent laryengeal nerve
    = hoarseness
  2. compression of trachea
    = dyspnea and stridor
  3. compression of esophagus
    = dysphagia
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7
Q

what do follicular vs parafollicular C cells secrete?

A

follicular: T3/4
parafollicular: calcitonin

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8
Q

what is the cofactor of PTH

A

magnesium

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9
Q

what is the wolff chaikoff effect?

A

large amount of iodine enters thyroid
= inhibition of thyroid peroxidase
= no iodination of tyrosine residues
= decrease in T3/4 pdtn
= hypothyrodism

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10
Q

which terminus of PTH does the receptor bind to

A

N terminus

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11
Q

constipation vs diarrhoea –> hyper or hypothyrodism?

A

diarrhoea: hyper
constipation: hypo

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12
Q

what are the cardiovascular and lower limb effects of hyper vs hypothyrodism?

A

CVS
hyper: AF
hypo: pericardial effusion (slow metabolic rate = reduced heart function = fluid buildup in pericardial sac)

LL
hyper:
1. pretibial myxoedema (localised skin thickening)
2. proximal myopathy (due to catabolic muscle breakdown by excess thyroid hormones)

hypo:
proximal myopathy (due to muscle wasting)

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13
Q

what are symptoms of hypoK+?

A
  1. tingling/ numbness
  2. fatigue
  3. muscle cramps
  4. arrythmia on ECG
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14
Q

what are the 4 pathologies associated with diffused and symmetrical goiters?

A
  1. graves (hyper)
  2. hashimotos (hypo)
  3. de quervains (transient hyper followed by hypo)
  4. simple hyperplasia
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15
Q

what the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex?

A

1.

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