HM Chapter 06: Human Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
What is physiology?
The study of how the body works and how the various parts function individually and in relation to each other
What is anatomy?
The study of body structures and the relation of one part to another
What is digestion?
The physical and chemical breakdown of food into its simplest forms.
Saggital Plane
Divides body into left and right halves
Frontal plane (coronal)
Divides body into front and back
Horizontal plane
Divides body into upper and lower halves
Anterior/Ventral
Pertaining to the front
Posterior/Dorsal
Pertaining to the back
Medial
Towards middle of the body
Superior
Toward top of body or above
Inferior
Toward bottom of the body or below
Caudal
Towards the lower end of body
Lateral
Away from middle of body
Proximal
Nearest to point of origin
Distal
Away from the point of origin
Supine
Lying down face up
Prone
Lying down face down
Peripheral
The outward part or surface of a structure
Each cell is surrounded by ______
Plasma membrane
Diffusion
Process where elements achieve equilibrium by moving higher concentration to lower concentration.
What is a cytoplasm?
A gelatinous substance surrounding the nucleus
Lateral Recumbent
Laying on either side
Ceremonious glands
Secrete earwax
Sebaceous glands
Located everywhere but palms of hands and soles of feet; secrete oil to lubricate skin and hair
What is adipose tissue?
A “fatty tissue” that acts as a reservoir for producing foods; helps reduce body heat loss and serves as support for various organs.
How many liters of swear are secreted daily?
1 liter (1000ml)
Human skull contains how many bones?
22 bones of which 8 make up cranium and 14 form facial bones
What is the arrector?
Fastens to the side of the follicle and is responsible for goosebumps when skin is cold.
What is the most prevalent mineral in the bone?
Ossein (organic) and calcium and phosphorus (inorganic)
How many bones in the human body?
206
What’s the longest bone in the body?
Femur
What gives the bones strength
Mineral salt
What is cancellous tissue?
Spongy porous center of the bone
Medullary canal
Center of the bone that contains marrow.
Yellow bone marrow is located in _____
Long bones
Red bone marrow is located in ______
Ends of long bones.
What are the classifications of bones?
Long (femur & humerus)
Short (wrist & ankle bones)
Flat (skull, sternum & scapula)
Irregular (vertebrae, mandible & pelvic bones)
Bones of the ear include _____
Malleus, incus, stapes
Vertebrae includes ______
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral
Ribs include _____
7 pair true ribs, 5 pair false ribs, 2 pair floating ribs
Bone classifications are broken down into _____
Immovable, slightly movable, freely movable
Moveable joints include:
Ball in socket, hinge, pivot, saddle, condyloid, gliding
What is the periosteum?
A thin outer membrane surrounding the bone that supplies nourishment and is also the pain center of the bone.
What is the epiphysis?
Ends of bones
What is the diaphysis?
Elongated portion
What does the ligament connect?
Bone to muscle
What does the tendon connect?
Muscle to bone
Muscle makes up how much of body weight?
Up to half.
How fast does rigor mortis occur?
From 10 minutes to several hours after death.
How much does the salivary glands produce daily?
2-3 pints
What makes up the hamstrings?
Biceps femoris
What are the sites of IM injections
Gluteus maximus, deltoid, quadriceps
What is the longest muscle in the body?
Sartorius
Blood volume is _____
5-6 liters
What is the Vertebral Foramen?
Hole that forms passage for spinal cord
What forms the shoulder joint?
Glenoid fossa and the pectoral girdle?
What is the acetabulum?
Innomibate bone commonly known as the hip; cup like structure
What is the obturator foramen?
The largest foramen(opening) located in the hip bone between the ischium and pubis
What are sesamoid bones?
Bones like the patella that develop with a tendon
What is the medial mallcolus?
A prominence easily felt on the inner aspect of the ankle
Systolic
Contraction of the heart
Blood is _____
- Made of 55% plasma & 45% blood cells
- Red blood cells live 100-120 days
- Normal white blood count is 6,000-8,000 per cubic millimeter
- Total blood count is 250,000 per cubic millimeter
Primary veinipunture spot is
Antecubital
Diastolic
Relaxation of the heart
How long does it take food to pass through small intestine?
20 minutes to 2 hrs
Sheny stokes is when
Respiration increases to a certain point
How much residual air is there after lung expiration?
1,200 ml
What is the minimum ursine produces daily?
500 ml
Organs in right upper quadrant are:
Liver, gallbladder, duodenum, pancreas, bile duct
What organs are in left upper quadrant?
Stomach and pancreatic duct
Lower right and lower left quadrants contain
Large and small intestines, cecum, appendix, rectum and anus
How many bones in the cranium?
8 major bones:
Frontal bone, Nasal bone, Parietal bone, Temporal bone, Lacrimal bone, Zygomatic Bone, Sphenoid bone & Etmoid bone
What are muscles held together by?
Sheets of white fibrous tissue called the fascia
What is the tarsus?
The ankle, which is formed by seven tarsal bones; the strongest of these is the calcaneus aka heel bone
A ________is a contracting muscle. The muscle that relaxes while one is contracting is called _______
Prime mover, Antagonist
The main functions of muscles are to:
Provide movement;
Maintain body posture;
Providing heat
What is the vermilion border?
Area where red mucous membrane ends and normal out skin of the face begins.
Sublingual
On each side under tongue, floor of mouth
Submandibular
Posterior portion of mandible, lingual to mandibular incisors
Parotid
Inside cheek, opposite maxillary second molar
What are the sternocleidomastoid muscles?
Located on sides of neck. Individually they turn neck left or right. Together they move head forward.
What is the diaphragm?
Muscle or respiration, modifying the size of the thorax and abdomen vertically.
What is fatigue?
When contraction of muscles continue, they will cramp and refuse to move. They need rest to allow blood to carry away the waste materials and bring in fresh glucose, oxygen, and protein to restore the muscle protoplasm.
What happens in the contraction and recovery stages of muscles?
Contraction: Two proteins (actin & myosin) react to provide energy through the breakdown of glycogen and lactic acid.
Recovery: Oxygen reacts with lactic acid to release carbon dioxide and water.
What are the 3 types of muscle?
Smooth, skeletal and cardiac
What is the spleen?
Organ where old cells are stored to be removed from the blood stream
Phagocytosis is
A process that protects body tissues by engulfing disease-bearing bacteria and foreign matter with white blood cells
How blood is pumped through the heart?
The right ventricle pumps the blood past the pulmonary valve through the pulmonary artery to the lungs, where it is oxygenated. The left atrium receives the oxygenated blood from the lungs through four pulmonary veins and pumps it to the left ventricle past the mitral valve.
What is synapse?
The space which a nerve impulse passes from one neuron to another
Blood Vessel Classifications:
Arteries & Arterioles: Distributors;
Capillaries: Exchangers;
Veins & Venules: Collectors
What does the aqueous humor do?
Gives the cornea it’s curved shape
What is the sclera?
Outer layer of the eye with its tough, fibrous, protective portion of the globe aka the white of the eye
What is the lacrimal gland?
It produces tears that constantly wash the front part of the eye and conjunctiva (lines the insides of eyelids)
Refraction
The deflection of light in the eye
Convergence
Process that produces clear, three-dimensional vision
Accommodation
Process in which the lens increases or decreases it’s curvature to refract light rays into focus
The tympanic membrane is also known as the
Eardrum
What is the Eustachian tube (auditory tube) ?
Equalizes pressure in the internal and external ear
What is homeostasis?
Self balancing of body’s internal environment & it’s maintained by the endocrine system and nervous systems
Hormones are secreted from ….
Glands directly into the blood
What is the Parathormone (PTH)?
Regulates the calcium and phosphorus content of the blood and bones
What is the Norepinephrine?
Produced in the adrenal medulla and a chemical precursor to epinephrine
What does the pancreas contain?
It contains exocrine and endocrine tissues. The exocrine tissue secretes digestive juice through a duct to small intestines. It serves the endocrine system.
Hormone producing glands include:
The hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pancreas, gonads, placenta and thymus
What is the liver?
The largest gland in the body. It metabolizes carbs, fats and proteins.
The endocrine portion of the pancreas does what?
It consists of cells arranged in groups called islands (islets) of Langerhans (3 types of cells). ALPHA cells secrete the hormone glucagon. BETA cells secrete insulin. DELTA cells produce the hormone somatostatin
What is the purpose of glucagon?
Raise blood glucose levels. It is released when blood sugar falls too low.
What is somatostatin?
A hormone that regulates the endocrine system and affects neurotransmission and cell proliferation.
Gonad refers to what?
Primary sex of male and female organs
The urinary system is ….
The primary filtering system of the body; the two main organs are the kidneys and urinary bladder
What does the gall bladder store?
Bile
What is the function of the kidney?
The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney; the kidney purifies blood and maintains normal pH in blood (end product is urine)
The average bladder holds how much mls?
600
Where is testosterone produced?
Testes
What are the ovaries?
Primary female reproduction organs; produces cell and sex hormones. Fertilization of an ovum usually takes place in the fallopian tubes.
The large intestine is _____
5 feet long and made up of the cecum, colon and rectum
What is the cecum?
The beginning of the large intestine. Receives fecal material from ileum and ascending colon of the large intestine.
What is the colon?
Last part of the digestive system that extracts water and salt from solid wastes before eliminated from the body.
What is the rectum?
The final straight portion of the large intestines.
What are the three divisions of the small intestines?
Duodenum, jejunum & ileum
What is the duodenum?
First section of small intestines where most chemical digestion takes place.
What is the jejunum?
Middle section of the small intestines which used for absorption of small nutrients particles which have been previously digested by enzymes in the duodenum.
What is the ileum?
Final section of the small intestines which absorbs B12, bile salts and whatever products of digestion that weren’t absorbed by jejunum.
What are the 6 major divisions of the brain?
Medulla oblongata, Pons, Midbrain, Diancephalon, Cerebrum, Cerebellum.
The cerebellum is …
Responsible for balance, coordination or movement
What is the cerebrum?
The major part of the brain that controls emotions, hearing, vision, personality.
What is the medulla oblongata?
Lower half of brainstorm that contains the cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centers. Also deals with autonomic (involuntary) functions, such as breathing, heart rate and blood pressure.
What are pons?
Part of the brainstorm that connects medulla oblongata and midbrain. Contains nuclei that deal with sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation and posture.
What is the midbrain?
Located near center of the brain. Portion of the central nervous system associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal and temperature regulation.
What is the diencephalon?
Located at upper end of brain stem. Made up of four distinct components: thalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus.
How many cranial nerves are there ?
12
Olfactory Nerve
Provides sense of smell
Optic Nerve
Primarily for vision. It functions in the recognition of light and shade and in the perception of objects.
Trigeminal Nerve
Governs sensation of the forehead and face and the clenching of the jaw. Also supplies the muscle to the ear (tensor tympani) necessary for normal hearing.
Facial Nerve
Controls the face muscles. It stimulates the scalp, forehead, eyelids, muscles of facial expression, cheeks and jaw.
Acoustic Nerve
Controls hearing and balance
Glassopharyngeal Nerve
Transmits sensations to upper mouth and throat area.
Oculomotor, Trochlear & Abducens Nerves
These three nerves control eye movements in the 6 directions and eye movement towards the tip of the nose. The oculomotor nerve is responsible for movement of the pupils.
The trochlear nerve ______
Turns eye to the side and down-corticoids and regulates salt & water
Spinal Accessory Nerve
Controls the turning of head from side to side and shoulder shrug
Vagus Nerve
Controls roof of the mouth, vocal cords, and tone of the voice.
Hypoglossal Nerve
Governs muscle activity of the tongue. Injury to nerves could cause tongue to twist to that side when stuck out of mouth.
What is another word for right eye?
OD (oculus dexter)
What is another word for left eye?
OS (oculus sinister)
What is another word for both eyes?
OU (uterque)
