HLTH 220 exam 2 Flashcards
define contraception
the deliberate prevention of conception or impregnation using drugs, techniques, and devices
what are the different types of contraception?
barrier methods, spermicides, intrauterine devices, and hormonal methods
what are examples of:
- barrier methods?
- spermicides?
- Intrauterine devices?
- hormonal methods?
- barrier methods: condom (male and internal condom) and diaphragm
- spermicides - nonoxynol -9 (N-9)
- intrauterine devices
- hormonal methods: the pill, the patch (xulane) , the Depo Provera shot, the Nuvaring, the implant (nexplanon)
what are some determinants of use for birthcontrol?
- knowledge and familiarity
- high income
- cohabitation
- religious reasons
what age group for women are at the highest risk of pregnancy while not using birth control? which group is at the lowest?
highest = 15-19 years old
lowest = 40-44 years old
what are the three highest used forms of birthcontrol in college students?
the male condom, the pill, and withdrawl
what is the difference between abstinence and celibacy?
abstinence - is the absence of genital contact that lead to pregnancy
celibacy - the avoidance of all forms of sexual activity and a commitment to maintain this lifestyle
which contraceptive method remains one of the most popular in the US? what are some other methods that are popular?
- the pill is the most popular
- female sterilization and condoms
what is the difference between typical use and perfect use when it comes to birth control? which one is the better one to help decide the best birth control method?
typical use- the way a birth control method is actually used including incorrectly, non use, and inconsistent use in people who report using birth control methods
(Typical use is the better one to help decide which method you want to use)
perfect use - following the directions of the birth control method exactly and rates are estimated during clinical trials
who is widely regarded as the founder of the modern birth control movement?
Margaret Sanger
- she opened up an illegal clinic to women to give out diaphragms so they could have better control over when they want to conceive
which birth control method is known as corpitus interruptus? what happens in this method?
-the withdrawl method
- the penis is completely removed form the vagina before ejaculation and away from the external genitalia to prevent sperm from entering and fertilizing the egg
what percent of contraceptive users use the withdrawl method? what is the failure rate?
- 12% use this method
- 20% failure rate
what hormones are used in the pill? what can the pill do?
- synthetic estrogen and/or progesterone
- the pill can:
- thicken the cervical mucus to prevent sperm from penetrating into the vagina canal
- thin the uterine lining to make it harder for a fertilized egg (ovum) to implant
- suppress ovulation 90-95% of the time
- slows the rate of ovum transport
-disrupts transport of fertilized egg
what are the different types of pills? which of the type of pills is the most effective?
- the different types of pills include:
1) combination pills: contain estrogen, different amount of progestin, and synthetic progesterone (COMBINATION PILLS ARE THE MOST EFFECTIVE) - perfect use rate is 95%, typical use rate is 91%
2) progestin only pills (POP’s or minipills): these are slightly less effective that combination pills and must be taken precisely
- minipills are best used for women who cannot take combination pills with estrogen (eg. women who are breast feeding, have breast cancer, have liver disease, and have had weight loss surgery)
when is the pill not effective? what are the advantages and disadvantages of the pill
- when it is not taken everyday (if you miss two days you have to find a new contraceptive method for the rest of your cycle)
- when it is not taken at around the same time everyday
ADVANTAGES:
- easy to take
- dependable
- more regular or reduced flow
- lower chances of cancers
DISADVANTAGES:
- can cause spotting, breast tenderness, nausea & vomiting, bleeding in between periods
what birth control method is called the Depo- provera? what is the most common side effect with this method? what are the advantages and disadvantages to this method?
- the birth control shot
- progestin is injected and is used to prevent pregnancy for 13 weeks ( you need a new shot every 12-13 weeks
- has to be given by a medical professional
- irregular bleeding is the most common side effect
ADVANTAGES:
- does not contain estrogen
- highly effective for 3 months and causes women to have light or missed periods
- can prevent uterine cancer and anemia
DISADVANTAGES:
- unpredictable or long episodes of bleeding or spotting
- temporary weight gain
- reversable decrease in bone density
- you cannot use this while you have breast cancer
- does not protect against STIs
how does progestin work?
prevents ovulation and thickens the cervical mucus which keeps the sperm from reaching the egg
T or F: progestin is not safe to use while breast feeding as a method of birth control
False. it is safe it acts as an alternative to use estrogen
what method of birth control is called xulane? how long do you need to use this method? what can make this patch less effective?
what is its PU rate? what is its TU rate?
- the birth control patch: releases estrogen and progestin to prevent against pregnancy for one month
- you use this patch for three consecutive weeks then for one week you do not wear it for menstruation ( place it on butt, back, stomach, or upper arm)
- some antibiotics, HIV medications, and antifungal griseofulvin can make this patch less effective
- PU rate: over 99% effective, TU rate: 91% effective
what are the advantages and disadvantages to the patch?
ADVANTAGES:
- more regular, lighter, or shorter periods
- helps prevent or reduce: acne, bone thinning, cysts on breasts and ovaries, ectopic pregnancy, and endometrial & ovarian cancers
- safe, simple, and convenient / does not interfere with sex
DISADVANTGES:
- spotting or bleeding in between periods
- mild skin reaction
- breast tenderness in first one or two menstrual cycles with use
- risk of heart disease or stroke
- does not protect against STIs
define the vaginal ring? what does it do? what are the different types? what types of lubricants cannot be used with this contraceptive method?
- small flexible ring inserted into the vagina once for 28 days (kept in place for 21 days then taken out for a week to allow for withdrawl bleeding)
- it releases estrogen and progestin that prevents ovulation and thickens the cervical mucus
- the different types are:
1) nuvaring- must be replaced after three weeks
2) annovera - can be used for up to a year ) can be cleaned and reuse the same ring every month) - oil and silicone based lubricants cannot be used with this type
3) eluryng
what is the PU rate/ TU rate for the vaginal ring? what are the advantages and disadvantages?
Pu rate: 99%, TU rate is 91%
ADAVNTAGES:
- protects against pregnancy for one month
- easy to use
more regular, lighter, or shorter period
DISADVANTAGES:
-infection or irritation
- sensation of foreign body
- expulsion
- does not protect against stis
define unintended pregnancy
- who experiences unintended pregnancy the most?
one that was either mistimed or unplanned
- low income women, women of color, cohabitating women, and women aged 18-24
which birth control method is known as nexplanon? what are the advantages and disadvantages?
- the implant: thin flexible plastic rod that is inserted under the skin of the upper forearm
-this prevents pregnancy for up to five years and has to be inserted and removed by a medical professional
ADVANTAGES:
- highly effective
-easy to insert
-does not interrupt sex or require maintenance
- contains only progestin
- makes periods lighter or shorter
DISADVANTAGES:
- implant may cause arm pain that lasts longer than a few days
- can cause an infection in the arm
- does not protect against STIs
T or F: the implant is among the most effective methods of birth control
True
T or F: women experience more health consequences from STIs than men like permanent fertility
True
Male condom? what are the advantages of this? what is the PU rate/ TU rate?
thin, soft, flexible sheath of latex, plastic, or lambskin
ADVANTAGES:
- protects against STIs
- conduct heat well
- allow for sensation to be felt
PU rate: 98% / TU rate: 87%
define sleathing
when a man secretly removes a condom during sex even though previously agreeing to wear one
Internal condom
- formally referred to as the female condom
- thin disposable sheath with a diaphragm like ring attached at one end that suctions to the cervix)
- have to use a new one every time
effectiveness rate 95%, TU is 79% - can be placed in the vagina or anus up to 8hrs before sex
ADVANTAGES:
- protects both the women internal organs from sperm and microbes and external genitalia for men and women
Diapraghm. how long does this provide protection for? how long before sex should this be inserted? what is the PU and TU rate?
- shallow dome shaped cup with a flexible rim that is placed deep inside the vagina and blocks the cervix to prevent sperm form entering the uterus and fallopian tubes
- this is given out by a medical professional
- best to wear a condom with this
-provides protection for 6 hours but no longer than 24 hours (any longer increases the risk of toxic shock syndrome) & should be left in place for 6 hours - should be inserted 2 hours before sex
PU rate is 94%/ Tu rate is 93% percent
Spermicide. what happens if you use spermicide multiple times a day?
- a substance that is toxic to sperm . this is inserted into the vagina before sex
- the most commonly used spermicide is N9 but can come in film. cream, foam, jelly and suppository form
- if used several times a day it can increase the risk of getting HIV, STIs, and urinary tract infections
when are spermicides considered most effective?
when in use with barrier methods
Intrauterine devices (IUDs). what does it release into the uterus? what are the different types? what is the PU/ Tu rate?
- long acting reversible contraceptive method that is inserted by the doctor into the uterus
- T shaped rod
-emits copper or progestin, both of which are hostile to sperm
different types:
- copper based (Paragard)
-hormonal based ( Mirena, Kyleena, Liletta, and Skyla)
Pu rate: 99% and TU rate is 98%
what is the most common type of IUD used. what does it do? how long does it protect against pregnancy for?
copper based (paragard)
- releases copper ions that trigger sterile inflammatory response which disable sperm and makes it difficult for sperm to meet and fertilize the egg
- protects against pregnancy for up to 10 years
what do hormonal iuds do? how long can these protect against pregnancy?
- hormonal iuds release progestin and this thickens the cervical mucus and thins the uterine lining to prevent against fertilization (this creates a hostile environment where the sperm cannot reach the egg)
- these can protect from pregnancy for 3 - 6 years depending on the device
what are the advantages and disadvantages of the IUD?
ADVANTAGES
-paragard can act as an emergency contraceptive if inserted five days after unprotected sex
-fertility rebounds quickly upon discontinuation
-they require little care and does not interfere with sex
DISADVANTAGES:
- insertion may be uncomfortable and cause cramping and backache that can persist for a few days
- heavier periods and increased cramps can be experienced with paragard
- it can slip out which is rare
- does not protect against sti’s
what does LARC stand for? what are some examples of it?
- long acting reversible contraception
- e: birth control implant and IUD
these methods are 20 times more effective than birth control pills, the patch, or the ring - this is recommended for woman who wishes to not be pregnant in the future for as long as they desire
what are FAMs? what does this include?
- fertility awareness based methods: ways to track ovulation in order to prevent pregnancy
- these include the calendar method, the basal body temperature method, and the cervical mucus method.
symptothermal method
all three methods of the FAM ( basal body temperature method, the cervical mucus method, and the calendar method
what is sterilization for women called? what is sterilization for men called?
- tubal ligations
- vasectomy
what is the most effective emergency contraceptive?
ella but this requires a doctors prescription
abortion
expulsion of the fetus, can occur naturally or can be made to happen
1/3 of all abortions reposted annually in the united states are what?
spontaneous abortions ( also known as a miscarriage )
when are the vast majority of abortions performed? what are the two main abortion methods?
-before 8 weeks of pregnancy
- medication abortion and surgical abortion
medication abortion
- also known as RU-486 or brand name Mifeprex
- two step drug method to terminating an early pregnancy
- works by blocking the activity of progesterone
- requires a doctors visit, where y9ou take a dose of mifepristone first then misoprostol up to 48 hours later
Surgical abortion
- there are two procedures done: 1)vacuum aspiration: used up to 16 weeks pregnant
2) dilation and evacuation: used beyond 16 weeks and up to 24 weeks
what is a bystander?
a witness with power
sexual harassment
1)the abuse of power for sexual ends
- ex: unwelcomed sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, or other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature as a condition of instruction or employment
& 2) the creation of a hostile environment
stalking
a course of action that would cause a reasonable person to feel fear
considering flirtation as sexual harassment depends on what three factors?
1) whether you have equal power
2) whether you are approached appropriately
3) whether you wish to continue contact
street harassment
sexual harassment in public places
what are the two forms of discrimination or bias based on sexual orientation
heterosexual bias and anti gay prejudice
heterosexual bias
also known as heterosexism or heterocentric behavior
- the tendency to see the world in heterosexual terms and to ignore or devalue homosexuality.
this includes
- ignoring the existence of LGBTQ+ individuals
- segregating LGBTQ+ people from heterosexual people
-subsuming LGBTQ_ people into a larger category
anti gay prejudice
strong dislike, fear or hatred of LGBTQ+ people because of their sexual orientation
in 1970s femininstd argued that sexual assault is an act of what
violence and aggression towards women and the principle motive is power, not sexual gratification
statutory rape
consensual sexual contact with a person younger than a states age of consent
martial rape
unwanted sexual behaviors by a spouse or ex spouse committed without consent, against a persons will, and done by force, intimidation, of when a person is not bale toc consent
one in five women repost being assaulted/raped while in college. most often during what years?
freshmen and sophomore
what is non consensual sexual contact
incidents resulting in either physical force, the inability to consent, or stop what was occurring
what are some rape myths?
- rape is a crime of passion
-women want to be raped
-but she wanted sex
-women ask for it
-women are raped only by strangers
-women could avoid rape if they wanted to
what is consent
1- internal state of willingness
2- is an act of explicitly agreeing to do something
3- behavior that someone else interrupts as willingness
- distinct form wanting
Child sexual abuse
any sexual related activity between an adult and a child or a minor
- it is not limited to penetration, force and pain, or touching but involved an adult engaging in any sexual behaviors with a child
megans law
law that requires law enforcement authortities to make information about registered sex offenders available to the public
how are sti’s transmitted
- sexual activity
-mother to child
-sharing needles
what are some bacterial infections spread through bodily fluid ?
chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis
what are some viral infections? spread through bodily fluid
hepatitis and HIV
what is a parasitic infection spread through bodily fluids?
trichomoniasis
what is a viral infection caused by skin to skin?
HPV and Herpes
what is a viral parasitic infection caused by skin to skin?
pubic lice (crabs)
what are the symptoms of chlamydia? what can happen if left untreated? what is the testing for this? treatment?
symptoms:
-painful urination,
-discharge,
-burning sensation when peeing
-pain and redness
-occasional slight fever
or asymptomatic
treatments: cured with injection and oral antibiotics
testing: urine sample, or swabs of bodily fluid
left untreated it can cause: pelvic inflammatory disease and epidiymitis
what is the most common sti caused by bacteria?
chlamydia
the total number of new sti cases in the US every year is how much?
20 million
_% of sexually active people aged 15-24 get tested for sti’s
12
most common sti among young sexually active people, particularly women?
HPV
chlamydia and gonorrhea are
very similar in nature and can result in the same complication
pelvic inflammatory disease is commonly associated with
chlamydia and gonorrhea
what are the four d’s of bystander intervention strategies?
direct, distract, delegate, delay
in the usa, ___% of the 6.1 mil pregnancies each year are unintended
45
incidence vs prevalence
incidence - number new cases
prevalence- total number of cases
____ amount of sti cases seen in people ages 15-24
1/2
gonnorrhea
symptoms:
- dischrage
- burning sensation while peeing
- pain and redness
- occassional slight fever
or no symptoms at all
treatment: injection or oral antibiotics
testing: urine sample or swabs of bodily fluid
if left intreated: Pelvic Inflammatory disease and Gonococcal infection
Syphilis
transmission: through unprotected sex, mother to child, and sometimes sharing needles
symptoms:
- chancre sores
- skin rash, swollen lymph nodes, fever
no symptoms
- damage to the brain and the CNS
testing for syphilis:
- blood test
treatment: cured with oral antibiotics up until early latent stage
if left untreated: preganancy complication/ organ damage or death
Human Papillomavirus
transmission: skin to skin contact
-abnormal cells can lead to cancers of the cervix, mouth, throat, rectum
- it can take years to surface
testing: visual exam, pap smear
- there is a vaccine available
treatment: warts can be removed by clinican/ cancerous cells can be removed/ cancer treatments
Hepatitis B and C
transmission:
- Hep B: bodily fluids through un protected sex
- Hep C: mostly passed through contaminated needles, rarely passed through sex
- vaccine available for Hep B
testing: blood test
symtpoms:
- yellow eyes and skin (jaundice)
- muscle weakness
- rashes
-nausea or vomitting
-fever
-liver disease
treatment: treated with antiviral meds
herpes
transmission: skin to skin contact
HSV1 - occurs orally
HSV2- occurs on genitals
symptoms:
- tingling/ burning sensation
- red blister filled with fluid
pain and soreness
- can take years to have an outbreak
testing: visual exam and blood test (uncommon)
treatment: antiviral medications and medicated creams
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
transmission: bodily fluids (blood, vaginal fluid, semen, breast milk)
symptoms:
- can have flu like symptoms after initial infection
-weight loss
-fever
-night swears
- persistent illness or infection
often no symptoms for 5-10 years
treatment: antiretroviral therapy meds
testing: oral swab/ finger prick:, confirmatory blood draw
Trichomoniasis
transmission: bodily fluids through unprotected sex
tesing; swabs of bodily fluid
symptoms:
- foamy yellowish unpleasing smelling discharge
itching/ burning sensation
- painful urination
no symptoms at all
treatment: cured with oral anitbiotics
if left untreated: lead to premature births/ babies with low birth weight
Pubic Lice (crabs)
transmission: skin to skin contact
symptoms:
- itchiness
-bluish gray skin color in the genital area
- sores in the genital area
testing: visual exam
treatment: cured with medicated creams and washing/ drying clothes and linens on high heat
how does birth control work for ovulation:
suppresses the hormones which allow an immature egg to grow and be released form the ovaries
how does birth control work for implantation
agitating or thinning the uterine lining so it is less hospitable to a fertilized egg
how does birth control work for fertilization
- physical barrier preventing sprerm from entering the vagina or uterus
- immobilizing sperm
diffusion of responsibility
people are less likely to help when they are in a group rather than when they are alone
consent has to be four things:
active, ongoing, coherent, and willing
which three stis had a record high of more than 100,00 in 2017
chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis
what disease is known as the silent disease? which disease is known as the clap or the drip? which is known as the great pretender
- silent disease: chlamydia
- the calp: gonorrhea
-syphilis: the great pretender
urethritis
inflammation of the urethra
nongonoccal urethritis? who is more likely to be diagnosed with this?
infections of the urethra that are not caused by gonorrhea
- men
what bacteria causes syphillis? what are the most infectious stages of syphilis? when is syphilis often treated?
-treponema pallidum (spiral shaped bacterium or a spirochete)
- the bacteria requires a warm moist environment to survive
- primary and secondary syphilis
-often treated during the primary and secondary stage
stages of syphili
Primary syphilis:
- first symptom appears from 10 -90 (usually 21days) after contact with an infected person
- usually a red pa size bump that develops into a chancre (can be visible but may not be. when it is not it will go away within 3-6 weeks but the bacteria will remain in the body and develop into secondary syphilis
Secondary syphilis: (untreated primary syphilis develops into this about 6 weeks after the chancre has disappeared)
- primary symptom at this stage is a skin rash that either itches or hurt
- the person is still contagious during this stage
Latency: if secondary syphilis is not treated, the symptoms will disappear within 2-6 weeks and the latent stage begins
- infected person may have no further symptoms for years or perhaps never
- after a year the bacterium can no longer spread to other partners but can pregnant woman can still spread to her child
there is a ____ to ____ fold increase in the chances of acquiring HIV if exposed to that infection when syphilis is present
two to five
what are the four principal viral STI’s
HIV and Aids, Genital hepreps, human papillomavirus (HPV) and hepatitis
(diseases caused by viruses are treatable but not curable)
low risk hpv is what causing and high risk is what causing
low risk: wart casuing
high risk: cancer causing
chanroid
a painful sore or group of sores on the penis
molluscum contagigosum
caused by a virus, characterized by smooth round, shiny lesion that appear on the trunk genitals or around the anus
cytomegalovirus (CMV)
virus of the herpes group that affects people with depressed immune systems
enteric infections
intestinal infections caused by bacteria, viruses, protozoans or other organisms
ex: giardiasis
scabies
red intensley itchy pimple like rash caused by a mite
- treated with prescribed lotions
ways to avoid sti’s
- practice sexual abstinence
- practice sexual exclusivity
- reduce risk during sexual intimacy
- continue to use condoms or other methods beside hormonal methods
- choose partner carefully
- avoid numerous partners
- avoid injections and other drugs
- get tested
- get vaccinated
