HLTH 220 exam 2 Flashcards
define contraception
the deliberate prevention of conception or impregnation using drugs, techniques, and devices
what are the different types of contraception?
barrier methods, spermicides, intrauterine devices, and hormonal methods
what are examples of:
- barrier methods?
- spermicides?
- Intrauterine devices?
- hormonal methods?
- barrier methods: condom (male and internal condom) and diaphragm
- spermicides - nonoxynol -9 (N-9)
- intrauterine devices
- hormonal methods: the pill, the patch (xulane) , the Depo Provera shot, the Nuvaring, the implant (nexplanon)
what are some determinants of use for birthcontrol?
- knowledge and familiarity
- high income
- cohabitation
- religious reasons
what age group for women are at the highest risk of pregnancy while not using birth control? which group is at the lowest?
highest = 15-19 years old
lowest = 40-44 years old
what are the three highest used forms of birthcontrol in college students?
the male condom, the pill, and withdrawl
what is the difference between abstinence and celibacy?
abstinence - is the absence of genital contact that lead to pregnancy
celibacy - the avoidance of all forms of sexual activity and a commitment to maintain this lifestyle
which contraceptive method remains one of the most popular in the US? what are some other methods that are popular?
- the pill is the most popular
- female sterilization and condoms
what is the difference between typical use and perfect use when it comes to birth control? which one is the better one to help decide the best birth control method?
typical use- the way a birth control method is actually used including incorrectly, non use, and inconsistent use in people who report using birth control methods
(Typical use is the better one to help decide which method you want to use)
perfect use - following the directions of the birth control method exactly and rates are estimated during clinical trials
who is widely regarded as the founder of the modern birth control movement?
Margaret Sanger
- she opened up an illegal clinic to women to give out diaphragms so they could have better control over when they want to conceive
which birth control method is known as corpitus interruptus? what happens in this method?
-the withdrawl method
- the penis is completely removed form the vagina before ejaculation and away from the external genitalia to prevent sperm from entering and fertilizing the egg
what percent of contraceptive users use the withdrawl method? what is the failure rate?
- 12% use this method
- 20% failure rate
what hormones are used in the pill? what can the pill do?
- synthetic estrogen and/or progesterone
- the pill can:
- thicken the cervical mucus to prevent sperm from penetrating into the vagina canal
- thin the uterine lining to make it harder for a fertilized egg (ovum) to implant
- suppress ovulation 90-95% of the time
- slows the rate of ovum transport
-disrupts transport of fertilized egg
what are the different types of pills? which of the type of pills is the most effective?
- the different types of pills include:
1) combination pills: contain estrogen, different amount of progestin, and synthetic progesterone (COMBINATION PILLS ARE THE MOST EFFECTIVE) - perfect use rate is 95%, typical use rate is 91%
2) progestin only pills (POP’s or minipills): these are slightly less effective that combination pills and must be taken precisely
- minipills are best used for women who cannot take combination pills with estrogen (eg. women who are breast feeding, have breast cancer, have liver disease, and have had weight loss surgery)
when is the pill not effective? what are the advantages and disadvantages of the pill
- when it is not taken everyday (if you miss two days you have to find a new contraceptive method for the rest of your cycle)
- when it is not taken at around the same time everyday
ADVANTAGES:
- easy to take
- dependable
- more regular or reduced flow
- lower chances of cancers
DISADVANTAGES:
- can cause spotting, breast tenderness, nausea & vomiting, bleeding in between periods
what birth control method is called the Depo- provera? what is the most common side effect with this method? what are the advantages and disadvantages to this method?
- the birth control shot
- progestin is injected and is used to prevent pregnancy for 13 weeks ( you need a new shot every 12-13 weeks
- has to be given by a medical professional
- irregular bleeding is the most common side effect
ADVANTAGES:
- does not contain estrogen
- highly effective for 3 months and causes women to have light or missed periods
- can prevent uterine cancer and anemia
DISADVANTAGES:
- unpredictable or long episodes of bleeding or spotting
- temporary weight gain
- reversable decrease in bone density
- you cannot use this while you have breast cancer
- does not protect against STIs
how does progestin work?
prevents ovulation and thickens the cervical mucus which keeps the sperm from reaching the egg
T or F: progestin is not safe to use while breast feeding as a method of birth control
False. it is safe it acts as an alternative to use estrogen
what method of birth control is called xulane? how long do you need to use this method? what can make this patch less effective?
what is its PU rate? what is its TU rate?
- the birth control patch: releases estrogen and progestin to prevent against pregnancy for one month
- you use this patch for three consecutive weeks then for one week you do not wear it for menstruation ( place it on butt, back, stomach, or upper arm)
- some antibiotics, HIV medications, and antifungal griseofulvin can make this patch less effective
- PU rate: over 99% effective, TU rate: 91% effective
what are the advantages and disadvantages to the patch?
ADVANTAGES:
- more regular, lighter, or shorter periods
- helps prevent or reduce: acne, bone thinning, cysts on breasts and ovaries, ectopic pregnancy, and endometrial & ovarian cancers
- safe, simple, and convenient / does not interfere with sex
DISADVANTGES:
- spotting or bleeding in between periods
- mild skin reaction
- breast tenderness in first one or two menstrual cycles with use
- risk of heart disease or stroke
- does not protect against STIs
define the vaginal ring? what does it do? what are the different types? what types of lubricants cannot be used with this contraceptive method?
- small flexible ring inserted into the vagina once for 28 days (kept in place for 21 days then taken out for a week to allow for withdrawl bleeding)
- it releases estrogen and progestin that prevents ovulation and thickens the cervical mucus
- the different types are:
1) nuvaring- must be replaced after three weeks
2) annovera - can be used for up to a year ) can be cleaned and reuse the same ring every month) - oil and silicone based lubricants cannot be used with this type
3) eluryng
what is the PU rate/ TU rate for the vaginal ring? what are the advantages and disadvantages?
Pu rate: 99%, TU rate is 91%
ADAVNTAGES:
- protects against pregnancy for one month
- easy to use
more regular, lighter, or shorter period
DISADVANTAGES:
-infection or irritation
- sensation of foreign body
- expulsion
- does not protect against stis
define unintended pregnancy
- who experiences unintended pregnancy the most?
one that was either mistimed or unplanned
- low income women, women of color, cohabitating women, and women aged 18-24
which birth control method is known as nexplanon? what are the advantages and disadvantages?
- the implant: thin flexible plastic rod that is inserted under the skin of the upper forearm
-this prevents pregnancy for up to five years and has to be inserted and removed by a medical professional
ADVANTAGES:
- highly effective
-easy to insert
-does not interrupt sex or require maintenance
- contains only progestin
- makes periods lighter or shorter
DISADVANTAGES:
- implant may cause arm pain that lasts longer than a few days
- can cause an infection in the arm
- does not protect against STIs