family studies final Flashcards
what makes a resource a resource?
define resourcefulness
define family
the basic unit of society; traditionally consisting of a group made up of parents and children living together in a household
define household
a house and its occupants regarded as a unite
define resource
commodities and human resources used in the production of goods and services; anything identified to meet an existing or future need
what is the oldest form of relationship
family
what are the key concepts of family resource management
interdependence of individuals, dynamic environment, and conscious effort to meet basic needs for all individuals within the family unit
what is the identification of needs guided by?
culture, availability, and accessibility
T or F: needs stay the same throughout time
F: needs are dynamic and ongoing
Rational Decision Making Process Models
used for decisions with long-lasting impact on the family
- search for alternatives
- assess consequences
- estimate risk/uncertainty
- determine the value of consequences
- Select an action that maximizes attainment of desired objectives
Bureaucratic Model (decision making model)
- used for low-risk and contested decisions
_ this model relies on habitual ways of doing things (ex: grocery shopping)
Political Model (decision making process models)
- used for decisions like family relocation
- the outcomes are related to power of individuals within the group (ie. mom and dad/ guardians will have more say in this)
- individuals have different interests
- conflict is normal and so is bargaining and compromising
5 step decision making model
- flexible framework
1. recognize: existing needs
2. identify: alternatives to fulfill identified needs
3. evaluate: identified alternatives
4. select and implement: alternatives
5. reflect and evaluate: alternatives selected
T or F: the way families acquire and uses resources is radically different than in previous decades
true
how families think, behave, and make decisions are influenced by what?
historical, cultural , and environmental influences
why do we work so hard to define the family?
because it intersects with the aspects of our lives like policy making, legal responsibilities, life insurance/ wills, and support
what are some ways in which culture influences your decision-making?
culture and diversity have an impact on the identification, use and production of material and human resources
why is understanding context so important?
it is important because families do not exist in a vacuum they include contact
cultural encompasses the contexts of race, ethnicity, religion, politics, and economics
waht are the components of a poster model family?
- diverse in structure and relationships cannot compare to families of the past
- the definition must be broad and flexible
- cannot use past research to study current family structures
What definition does not accurately characterize every family in the us?
traditional or nuclear: implies a husband, wife, and children in one household
definition of family by the us census bureau
a household and one or more people living in the same household who are related to the householder by birth, marriage, or adoption
what criteria do judges use to consider people family?
- common residence
- economic interdependency
- stability
- commitment
what are the gray areas for defining the family
cohabitation: two unrelated adults who share a housing unit with or without the presence of children
domestic partnership: loosely refers to two people who have chosen to share one another’s lives in an intimate and committed relationship, live together, and are jointly responsible for basic living expenses
Family and Medical Leave ACT (FMLA)
employees who work for qualifying employers have the legal right to take unpaid leave to care for infants, ill children, spouses or parents, and to take new parental bonding time with adopted or fostered children
what does us income tax have to do with families?
when us citizens file tax returns they must understand the terms as defined by the IRS for household and dependent
what are the general functions of the family
- raise children responsbily
- provide economic support
- give family members emotional security
T or F: time management and family planning is a cultural concept
True
what are the four emerging trends on child rearing?
- having no children
- postponing parenthood
- having once child
- non marital births
T or F: time is not a commodity
F: in American culture we view time as something the can be measured, kept, saved, and wasted
Yorburgs definition of family
groups related by marriage, birth, adoption, or mutual definitions, when people define themselves as family, they essentially are a family
theory
a broad generalization that explains a body of facts or phenomenon
Human ecological theory
suggest change and growth occur through experiences with outside systems and new information from the outside brings change to the family/ family relationships
* considers the influence of context
what are the different parts of the ecological system theory?
- the person or child
-microsystem: the immediate environment (school, home, friendships) - mesosystem: relationship and interaction between parts of your microsystem (ex: how your parents feel about your friends, how your parents feel about your neighbors)
- exosystem: factors in the setting you have no immediate role in but have a direct impact on you
- macrosystem: the larger social and cultural context in which you live [urban vs suburban vs rural, cusstoms/ traditions, religious groups]
- chronosystem: tole of time in your life (when events take place at different times in a childs life and time in history in which a child lives]
Family strengths framework
- focuses shifts to what is right about a family (emphasis on what is working well in the family)
*
waht are the six major wualities of the family strengths framework:
- commitment to a family
- spending enjoyable time together
- spiritual well being
- successful management of stress and crisis
*positive communication
*showing appreciation - affection for each other
social exchange theory:
- infleunced by economist
- focuses on utility
humans act and behave based on what they value the most - this framework allows for the study of power bases within the family
symbolic interactionism theory
- utilizes social and psychological concepts
- looks within families - what created a family unit in the minds of the family members
Family development theories
- based upon the discipline of family studies
families are identifiable groups that mature and change as they move through the time continuum - over time, roles must be regenorated
- downside to this theory: it is most easily observable in a very
traditional family structure of two parents with children - therefore it is not flexible enough for contemporary family structures
Family system theory
- when something happens to one remember of the family, all members are affected
- this assumes all members are part of the group and functon as a system
- actions within a family unit can also impact their community
- parents model behavior that is passed down from one generation to the next
what are the five functions of theories
- descriptive: name phenomena for understanding
- sensitive: recognize what is relevant to understanding
- integrate: connections to facilitate understanding
- explain: tell how and why things happened
- value: express of those using and building theory
what are the two research diesgns? what are their differences?
quantitaive:
- data is collected with an instrument
- searching for correlation
- results are reported in numbers
- findings are generalized
qualitative:
- researcher is the instrument
- searcing for a pattern
results are reported using words or descriptions
- findings are centralized
what is the motherhood penalty?
documented wage decrease that pays mothers less than men and less than women without children
what the difference between a need and a want?
need: a necessity and essential for surviving like shelter and food
want: not essential, but desired
what is a needs assesment?
- the most valuable decision-making tool for human service providers and planners
they should be representative of the population being served, be current, and be used only for the population intended
What are malsows hierarchy of needs:
bottom up:
- physiolgical: shelter, food, water sleep (these needs cannot be overlooked)
- saftey needs: security of body, employment, resources
- love/ belonging: friendship, family, sexual intimacy
- esteem: self esteem, confidence, achievement
- self actualization: (individualied but provides support and ultimately benefits from individual members progression) morality creativity, problem solving
what factors influence the chnaging perceptions of needs?
circumstances, personality, economic stabilty, technology, culture, lifespan (perception of needs change over time), gender
define value
- when discussion economics: a measurement of exchange (something is measured to be of good value if the person exchanging the resources feels they have received a fair return
- from a more subjective/ personal definition: guiding principle of thought and behavior
develop slowly and over time as part of ones social and psychological development
Kholbergs moral development
- precoventiaonal/ premoral
- mostly applies to children
- stage one: obidence / punishment
children accept and believe roles of authority
motivated to avoid punishment - stage two: individualism/exchnage
make decisions about our behavior based upon self interest and rewards - convential: applies most to adults
stage three: good boy/girl., interpersonal relationshios - live up to values of family and community
- motivated to please others
- stage 4: law and order/ authority
- desire to have society fucntion correctly
continue to acept rules becaseu you bleive this is necessary to ensure positive relationships and societal order
post convential: applies to few adults
stage 5:social contract and individual rights
people believe some law are unjust and should be changed or eliminated
stage 6: universal ethics/ principles - develop out own sense of moral guidelines that may not alighn with the law (ex. human rights and social justice
- must be prepared to defend even if there are consequences
attitudes
reflections of the values we hold
- learned predispositions to respond in a consistently favorable/unfavorable manner to any given thing
- are learned and dynamic
can change with education and experience
Behaviors
choices made and actions taken by individuals and families are the behaviors that become important in family decision mkaing
- attitude and behaviors are not always congruent or consistent
when does something become a resource?
when there is a use for it or osmeone determines that it has value
resources have four things:
- utility (have a purpose)
- accessibility (be available)
transferability ( be available where it is needed)
-interchangeable (be exchanged - manageable 9useful in the planning process
what are the four categories of resources?
- human resources (resources unique to people) (ex: ability)
- ECONOMIC RESOURCE: resources gained through aquisition or inheritance
- ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES: available from the physical environment provided by nature (renewable vs nonrenewable)
- SOcial resources: resources that can be felt (these are colectively owned) (ex: caring for other peoples needs)
resourcefullness
the ability to identify and use resources to meet needs effectively
what is the relationship between families and the greater economy?
it iscircular: employment exists because there is a demand for labor in the market: family members demand products and services and work in the production and delivery of products and services
compulsoary education
This is a publicly held value that has its roots in the belief that an
educated citizenry is necessary to maintain a democratic
government.
-the federal level : 10% of funding for public
education is Federal
money (ex: dept of education)
- head start and early head start are programs from the department of health and human services that serves children birth - 5 and the overall goal is to increase school readiness of young children in low income families
- downsides to parent involvenment with education :
-requires resources (time, money, energy)
- barriers are low levels of education, soscioeconomic status, teacher attitudes, and theeir own negative experience as students
-
what are goals? what are objectuves
goal: is an end that one tries to attain, something that one wishes to reach or accomplish within a particular time frame
(types of goials);
- societal: reflected in rules and expectations within larger social groups
- family : provide motivation for family members to work
together to bring about positive changes for individuals
within the group and for the family unit as a whole
- personal: specific to the individual
objective: a subset of goals, more specific and measurable than the overall goal, acts as a checkpoint to measure progress toward goal achievement
when are short term, intermdiate, and long term goals completed:
Short term goals:
* accomplished in less than 3 months
* Intermediate goals:
* accomplished in less than a year
* Long-term goals:
* Require more than one year to complete
budget
is a statement of monetary planning that defines income expected and expenses anticipated over a period of time
- divded into income and expenses
(
communication & communication patterns
at the center of family functioning because communication allows individuals to work together as a group (a process by which information
is exchanged between individuals through a
common system of symbols, signs, or behavior)
patterns:
- consensual (high converstaion and high conformity)
-pluralistic (high converstaion and low conformity)
-protective (low conversation and high confromity)
- laissae fair (low conversation and low conformity)
resiliency
ability to rebound from adversity, overcome obstacles, achieve sucess even when one has expericend great losses in the past
delegation
the opportunity of leaders to help develop the skill of others
the assignment of authority and responsibility to another person to carry out specific activities
accountability
the obligation or willingness to accept repsonsibilty or to aacount for ones activitons
intrinsic motivator vs extreinsic motivator
intrinsic: behavior driven by internal rewards (enjoyment of the cexpeirence, curios, not concerned about external awards)
- extrinsic: desired to do something because of external rewards (money, power, image)
