HLTH 22 final review Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
where did the first cases of coronavirus reported?
A
Wuhan, China
2
Q
what was causing coronavirus?
A
SARS- coV2
3
Q
what does SARS-coV2 stand for? Was this a novel coronavirus?
A
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - Coronavirus 2/ yes it was a novel coronavirus
4
Q
when was the first case of coronavirus reported? When was it first reported in turkey?
A
December 2019/ in turkey it was march 11,2020
5
Q
what are vulnerable populations in risk of in healthcare? what is this caused by?
A
dissipate health care outcomes and access. this is caused by ethnic, cultural, economic, and/or health characteristics
6
Q
who are included in vulnerable populations?
A
- elderly
- pregnant women and children
-people living with chronic health conditions
-people living with physical and/or mental disabilities
-prisoners
-the socioeconomically disadvantaged
-the LGBTQI community
-migrants & refugees
7
Q
what are the conditions by which people live, work, play, grow, and age in called? what are some examples of this?
A
the social determinants of health
these include:
- food
-education
-economic stability
- access to healthcare
8
Q
what do vulnerable and marginalized groups experience?
A
- barriers to social protection and health services
- poorer working and living conditions
- weaker safety nets and stigma
9
Q
what do public health crises like covid do to preexisting inequities? who is more susceptible because of this?
A
it exacerbates or worsens the conditions.
vulnerable populations are more susceptible
10
Q
how do pandemic conditions change who are included in vulnerable populations
A
because of a sudden loss of income and social support
11
Q
what groups were economically vulnerable during lockdown?
A
-daily wage earners
- domestic workers
-victims of COVID-19 and their families
- microenterprises/self-employment
-workers of Export Processing Zones
-returnee migrant workers
12
Q
according to the European Center for Disease Control (ECDC) who are the vulnerable populations?
A
- medically vulnerable people
- people who are in economically vulnerable situations
13
Q
list some people who are medically vulnerable
A
- older adults
- people living with dementia
- people living with physical and/or mental disabilities
- people who have trouble reading, speaking, understanding, or communicating
- people with underlying conditions (those with heart disease, cancer, hypertension, diabetes, and chronic respiratory disease
- people who are immunocompromised due to medical conditions or treatments (those who have undergone chemotherapy)
- people who need ongoing specialized medical services or need specific medical supplies
- people with chronic psychiatric illnesses
14
Q
who are the people that are vulnerable due to socioeconomic status?
A
- prisoners
-LGBTQI community
-unstable work or inflexible hours
-those with inadequate, insecure, or nonexistent living conditions
-immigrants/ refugees
-sex workers
-people living with HIV
-people who experience gender-based violence
-daily wage workers
-domestic workers - social or geographic isolation
-difficulty accessing transport
-difficulty doing preventative activities
-transport providers
-street vendors
-returnee migrant workers
15
Q
who are the socially stigmatized and marganilized?
A
people living with HIV, prisoners, sex workers, and LGBTQI community
16
Q
how did sweden react when covid started happening?
A
- quickly changed laws to make it so that workers had wage replacement and there was medical treatment for workers forced to isolate
17
Q
what did Germany and nordic countries do during the pandemic?
A
already had laws in place for workers to have wage replacement, automatic sick leave, and medical care so they did not have to make any formal changes to support workers
18
Q
what did france do during covid times?
A
automatically considered the virus an occupational disease for workers who contracted it on the job and expanded care work to all care workers
19
Q
what strategies were reccomended to control the spread of the disease
A
-social distancing and frequent hand washing
20
Q
why is social distancing and frequent handwashing not easy for millions of people?
A
because they live in high density insecure or precarious housing with bad sanitation and no access to clean water
21
Q
people living in insecure hosuing have what health conditions?
A
- malnutrition
-non communicable diseases - HIv/Aids
-tuberculosis
22
Q
what was a concern in African communities during coid19 times?
A
that the surge of COVID would take focus away from treating other diseases (for ex. the presence of ebola in congo cause for a rise in measles cases
23
Q
what are some vulnerabilities in kids during COVID times?
A
- lack of access to school food programs
- increased risk in pregnancy in young girls, dropouts, or domestic abuse
- children whose parents were unable to work from homes (policies for covid for these families experiencing this caused exacerbation in inequities that continues the vicious cycle of poverty and illness)
24
Q
what are some effective responses for protecting vulnerable populations?
A
- identify and map the groups that are at risk and are vulnerable to COVID-19 using evidence and ongoing practice
-provide tailored, language-appropriate, culturally, and gender-responsive information that meets the needs of specific vulnerable and marginalized groups
-take measures to ensure the respect for and protection of data
-ensure inclusion of all enclosed care settings like shelters, prisons, orphanages, long term care facilities, etc
25
define culture
-Set of values that the members of a given group hold and includes the norms they follow and the material goods that they create(Giddens, 1993
-A multi-faceted concept shaped by race, ethnicity, gender, class, religion, language, and nationality amongothers(Tribe, 2005)
26
define mental health
-A state of mental well-being that enables people to cope with the stresses of life, realize their abilities, learn well and work well, and contribute to their community.(WHO, 2022)
27
how does culture affect mental health?
- affected if we seek help or not and what we think of seeking help
- if we view illnesses ass real or imaginary
- the type of help we seek
-how much stigma people attach to mental illness
- meanings people ascribe to their symptoms and illnesses
28
who are indigenous people?
-Have a historical continuity with pre-invasion and pre-colonialsocieties that developed on their territories,
-Form at present non-dominant sectors of society
-Consider themselves distinct from other parts of the societies nowprevailing on those territories, and/or parts of them
29
indigenous people world wide
- in over 90 countries
- make 6% of the national total population but make up 20% of the extremely poor population
- life expectancy is 20 years lower compared to non-indigenous people
- about 476 million in the total world population
30
indigneous people mental health worldwide
-Disproportionate rates of mental illness among indigenous people in US, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand;
- face issues of substance and alcohol misuse, interpersonal violence, and suicide
31
alaska natives/ american indians
- 574 federally recognized and 100 state recognized tribes
- over 200 languages
-reside in all 50 states
- population increase from 2.2 million in 2010 to 6.34 million in 2020
32
social determinants of aAlaskan natves
* education
- 76% get their highschool diploma
-14% get their bachelors degree
- 50,5000 get their advanced graduate degree
* Insurance
- 25.4% of persons under 65 without health insurance coverage
*INCOME
- median family income is 37,227
- 28.6% live in poverty as opposed to 12.7% in the general population
-unemployment is higher and median earnings are lower
* inadequate housing
33
what is the leading causes of deaht for AI/AN people
_In 2019, suicide was the second leading cause of death for American Indian/Alaska Natives between the ages of 10 and 34
-Violent deaths, unintentional injuries, homicide, and suicide, account for 75 percent of all mortality in the second decade of life for American Indian/Alaska Natives.
34
what is the sacred hoop?
- a legacy of numerous traumatic events within a community over generations and the psychological and social responses to those events
- includes:
- racism genocide
- boarding schools loss of parenting skills
adoption of poverty
-epidemics removal relocations
- education about culture sexual abuse
-assimilation alcoholism
- cultural values harmony revitalization
35
what are some historical trauma and their causes for AI/AN people?
-Armed conflict and loss of land; loss of traditional lifestyles,
-Forced relocation; diseases and starvation, mass loss of lives
-Forced entry to boarding schools; prohibitions related to the language and spiritual practices
36
what are the four major settings in which health education specialists are employed?
School, public or community health, worksite, and in health education/ promotion in healthcare settings
37
is school health comprehensive? what does it include?
yes school health is comprehensive
- it includes classroom instruction (both the physical and social environment)
- faculty/ staff health promotion programs
- physical education and athletics
-health servies
-counseling
38
what is school health education/ promotion about? what comes of this? what should schools provide?
- teaching school-age children about health & health-related behaviors
- it can impact students lives tremendously
- schools should provide a laboratory where good health behaviors are modeled and practiced.
39
what is CSHP stand for? what does it mean
Coordinate School Health Program
-an integrated set of planned, sequential, school-affiliated strategies, activities, and services designed to promote the optimal physical, emotional, social, and education development of students
40
what are some of the national health education standards?
- students will demonstrate the ability to advocate for family, personal, and community health
- students will comprehend concepts related to health promotion and disease prevention to enhance health
-students will demonstrate the ability to practice health-enhancing behaviors and avoid or reduce health risks
- students will demonstrate the ability to use decision-making skills to enhance health
-students will analyze the influence of family, friends, culture, media, technology, and other factors of health behaviors
41
what model is broader than the CSHP? What does this model focus on?
the WSCC (whole school, whole community, whole child model)
-WSCC focuses on :
-student health and learning
-addressing critical education and health outcomes
-encouraging collaborations
and engages in community resources
42
waht are the responsibilities of school health education specialists?
-lesson planning, grading, parent meetings, and classroom discipline are all part of the job.
- curriculum development
-coaching
-chaperoning student activities
-reviewing materials for classroom use
43
what are some advantages and disadvantages of working in school health education/promotion?
Advantages:
- have the ability to work with young people during their developmental years
-there is good job security
A graduate degree is not needed for entry-level employment
- there is typically good health and retirement benefits program
- prevent the development of bad or harmful behaviors while the child is still impressionable
DISADVANTAGES:
_ usually spends many long hours at work including weekends and evenings
- have a relatively low status in the school district compared with other teachers like for math, science, and English
- pay is low compared with professional in other fields
-resources may be limited to support the program
44
are community health education and public health education the same?
- they use the same or similar skill set
- compete for similar jobs
- meet the competencies of NCHEC
45
Public or Community health education/ promotion
- these jobs focus on public health programs that can be individual, for local communities, states, or the nation
-"The health of the community is closely linked to the health of the community members"
-Healthy People 2030 provides a framework for the work of community and public health specialists.
46
what are the likely sources of employment for oublic/ community hEP?
* volunteer agencies like the SCD or AHA
- this is where they are hired to plan, implement, and evaluate the educational component of the agency's programs
* Public health agencies like the state health department where their duties may include administrative roles, coordinating volunteers, budgeting, fund-raising, program planning, grant writing, public speaking and serving as liaisons to other agencies and groups as well as direct program delivery
47
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF PUBLIC HEALTH. COMMUNITY HEALTH HEP
ADV:
- position offers benefit packages
- typically allow flexible time for evenings and weekends
-high degree of self-satisfaction
-work with multiple groups of people
-job responsibilities are highly varies and changing
DISADV:
- pay may be low, particularly in volunteer agencies
-there is a lot of bureaucracy in public health agencies
- the position may require irregular hours
- job security can be a concern ( people can be payed through grants which is called soft money and once the funding is discontinued, they have no job)
48
what is worksite health promotion? is worksite ideal for health ed/ promo prgrams?
A coordinated and comprehensive set of strategies which include programs, policies, benefits, environmental supports, and links to the surrounding community designed to meet the health and safety needs of all employees” (CDC, 2020)
- yes it is ideal because:
-workers are typically at the worksite everyday
- social support from fellow employees
- health employees are more productive employees
49
what are some worksite health promotion activities?
- cancer risk awareness
- nutrition
- safety
- smoke free policies
- newsletter
-flu shots
-skin caner screenings
-first aid and CPR
50
are health care costs in the us high? what do worksite programs do to health care costs and what are its characteristics
yes/ 25% of healthcare costs are paid for by employers
- worksite health education/ promo programs can impact healthcare costs
-many programs are aimed at primary prevention but it can vary from site to site
- most worksite HEP work at large sites with more than 750 employees
51
what doe worksite HEP need to get a job?
- may need a college degree with two majors or a major and a mino
- possibly need two degrees ( one in HEP and a second one in a speciality area like nutrition, physiology, nursing, etc)
-may need a masters degree
- may need certification: CHES< MCHES, CPR, smoking cessation, ACSM
52
what are the responsibilites of worksite HEP?
- conducting classes (ex. fitness, nutrition)
- conducting health sreenings
-providing personal training sessions
53
Health ed/ Promo in HealthCare settings and how are these people paid?
-positions in a variety of settings (hospital, clinic, home health agencies, HMOs, PPOs)
- can be administrators, directors, managers, patient educators and coordinators
- they are paid through third party reimbursement which has been a problem but is getting better because the AMA now recognizes CHES and MCHES to use new Category III Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes for
54
What are some responsibilities of HEP in health care settings?
Planning, implementing, and evaluating programs and activities.▪ Education: One-on-one or group patient education services.▪ Administration: Grant proposal writing, public relations, employee wellness activities, marketing.▪ Coordination and collaboration of activities
55
what are some international health organizations?
- Pan American Health Organization
-world health organization
-National council for international health
American association for world health
56
what do academic faculty memebrs do and what degrees/ certification do they need?
-Responsibilities include teaching, community and professional service, and scholarly research
- A doctoral degree and often prior experience are usually required for working as a faculty member in this setting
- Obtaining the CHES or MCHES credential is important
57
what are the responsibilities for university health services or wellness centers?
Plan, implement, and evaluate health promotion andeducation programs for program participants, which may include students, faculty,and staff.-
- one on one advising, provide library sources, planning events, and talking to student groups
58
International opportunities in health education/ promotion. whata re the benefits of joining the peace corp?
-Great need in low- and middle-income countries
-Positions often require special dedication due to unusual working/living conditions
-Peace Corps has a high demand for health education specialists
- benefits of joining Peace Corp:
Language training▪
Technical training▪
Monthly allowance for housing, food, clothing, and miscellaneous expenses▪
Health and dental care▪
Student loan deferment▪ Post service readjustment allowance
59
what are some non traditional health education/ promotion positions
- Sales related to health and fitness (e.g., health insurance, pharmaceutical, fitness, health and medical equipment, health-related books and materials)
- Journalism and broadcasting (e.g., publishing, media such as TV and newspapers, and health-related websites)
-Criminal justice or mental health, working as a teacher, drug educator, or sexuality educator
60
How to land the first job
- planning throughout college increase your chances of obtaining a job
-gain professional experience (summer or part-time job in the health field, volunteering in a health education setting, networking, internships, maintaining a good academic record, developing a well-organized professional portfolio
- develop your resume
-obtain certifications
- Join one or more professional associations and attend professional meetings
-Get to know faculty; they can serve as a great source of information
61
what are the ways to excel in ehalth education/ promo career
Meet the competencies and sub-competencies of a health education specialist.▪
Meet and exceed the standards of a good employee.▪
Complete projects on time, under budget, and with minimal problems.▪
Bring a positive, can-do attitude and a willingness to learn
62
what skills must health education specialists have?
Find information.
▪ Evaluate the validity of the information source.
▪ Disseminate the information accurately through appropriate channels.▪
Explain the meaning of the information in an understandable manner
63
what are the types of information sources?
- primary source data: published studies or eyewitness accounts written by people who conducted experiments or observed the events in question
ex: lectures, personal records, research articles written by researchers
- secondary source data: written by someone who was not present or did not participate as part of a study team
* this can be published in peer review journals and often cite primary resources
ex: journal review articles, editorials, and non eyewitness accounts
- tertiary sources: information that has been distilled and collected from primary and secondary sources; includes facts.
* examples: handbooks, pamphlets, dictionaries, and factbooks
- peer reviewed journals: those that publish original manuscripts after they have been read and approved by a panel of experts; often contain primary sources.
* many journals found only available online due to cost and time
in the past people paid subscriptions for journal access but now there is a movement toward open journal access
-popular press publications: written for the general publics consumption
* these may include primary r secondary sources, often include opinions and editorials
* these are hard to check credibility; need to be heavily scrutinized
ex: Summary-type magazines▪ Tabloid
- websites: A source of much information; often the information is not peer reviewed.▪ Few rules for publishing on the Internet
64
what are the components of a research article:
- ABSTRACT: Brief description of the study; communicates essential information
- INTRODUCTION: includes research question being tested and hypotheses, literature review, and an explanation of the need for or significance of the study.
- METHODOLOGY: Includes research design, participants of the study, instruments used to gather data, and administrative procedures in carrying out the study.
- RESULTS: Research findings, including procedures used for data analysis
- DISCUSSION: interprets the results, comments on implications, present limitations of the study, and recommendations for addtional research
65
what are some questions suitable for reading a research article?
Were the goals/aims of study defined clearly?▪
Were the research questions/hypotheses clearly stated
?▪ Was the description of the participants clear?
▪ Did the author state how the participants were recruited?
▪ Were the design and the location of the study described clearly?
Were the data collection instruments described?
▪ Were reliability and validity reported for the instruments?
▪ Did the results directly address the research questions or hypotheses?
▪ Were the conclusions reasonable in light of the research design and data analyses performed?
▪ Were the findings extrapolated to a population that is similar to the population studied?
▪ Were the study implications meaningful to the population you serve
66
Evaluating the Accuracy of Non-Research-Based Sources (questions to ask)
What are the authors’ qualifications?
Academic degree in the field being writtenabout?
▪ Scientific style of presentation? References included? From primary sources?
▪ What is the purpose of publication?
▪ Reputation of the publication? Peer-reviewed or popular press?
▪ Information new? Is the information valid
67
how do you write an abstract or a summary?
- Abstracts and summaries are both short forms; difference in extent of content
ABSTRACT:
- Short (150 to 250 words).
▪ Includes purpose, study questions, methods, and one or two major findings
SUMMARY:
- Longer (2- to 3-page) review
▪ Includes all elements found in an abstract.
▪ In addition, summaries reveal any secondary findings, describe study limitations, and provide a more detailed review of the researcher’s conclusions and recommendations from the viewpoint of the summary’s author.
68
where can you locate health related information?
- health education specialists
-journals taht conatin primary research articles and postion papers:
* ex of some common journals:
American Journal of Health Behavior
▪ American Journal of Health Education
▪ American Journal of Public Health
▪ American Journal of Health Promotion
▪ Health Education & Behavior
69
where else can you locate health-related information?
* index (listing and abstract (summary) provide links to articles from many peer-reviewed journals, books, and research reports
- few available in hard copy but most are online or in electronic formats (ex. Index Medicus )
- government documents:
Materials printed by the U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO).
▪ A variety of official documents, such as laws or results of government-sponsored studies on various topics
* government documents are Organized using Superintendent of Documents (SuDOC) numbers.
▪ A system unique to these publications
- electronic databases: (ex. Medline (biomedicine) , Google scholar (various), ERIC (education), Science Direct (general science)
70
what is a good test to evaluate information on the internet?
the CRAAP test
* CURRENCY: the timeliness of the information (when was it posted/ updated and are the links functional)
* RELEVANCE: the importance of the information (does it relate to your topic? is it the right audience? is it the appropriate level?)
-AUTHORITY: the source of the information ( author? credentials? qualified? contact information? type of URL?)
- Accuracy: The reliability, truthfulness, and correctness of the content (supported by evidence? biased? peer reviewed?)
- Purpose: The reason the information exists (teach, sell or entertain? sponsors? factual?)
71
Define Sex
efers to a person's biological status and is typically assigned at birth, usually on the basis of external anatomy. Sex is typically categorized as male, female or intersex.
72
Gender
a social construct of norms, behaviors, and roles that varies betweens ocieties and over time. Gender is often categorized as male, female or nonbinary
73
Gender Identity
one's own internal sense of self and their gender, whether that is man, woman, neither or both. Unlike gender expression, gender identity is not outwardly visible to others.
74
Cisgendered
an adjective that describes a person whose gender identity aligns with the sex they were assigned at birth.
75
Transgender
an adjective used to describe someone whose gender identity differs from the sex assigned at birth. A transgender man, for example, is someone who was listed as female at birth but whose gender identity is male.
76
Gender Expression
how a person presents gender outwardly, through behavior, clothing, voice, or other perceived characteristics. Society identifies these cues as masculine or feminine, although what is considered masculine or feminine changes over time and varies by culture
77
Nonbinary
a term that can be used by people who do not describe themselves or their genders as fitting into the categories of man or woman. A range of terms are used to refer to these experiences; nonbinary and genderqueer are among the terms that are sometimes used
78
what were some work stressors for health care professionals BEFORE the pandemic?
*High-stress and fast-paced work environments
Limited control on workload and hours
Available resources vs. moral obligation
Inadequate salaries for some
Few resources for mental health & resilience
Stigma around receiving care
79
Physicians are nearly twice as likely than the general working population to report:
*emotional exhaustion
*overall burnout
* low satisfaction with work-life balance
80
Burnout leads to? across different health centings what profession recorded more than 33% of burnout?
*Decreased work engagement and job satisfaction
* Problematic alcohol use and substance abuse
* Depression and suicide
Nurses
81
what is burnout?
* Feelings of energy depletion or exhaustion
* Increased mental distance from one’s job
* Feelings of negativism or cynicism related to one’s job and reduced professional efficacy
82
what is the cost of burnout for patients?
-Delays in care and diagnosis
-Lower quality of care
-Patient safety
-Medical errors
83
waht is the cost of burnout for the health care system?
*Retention issues
*Absenteeism &Presenteeism
*Lower morale &productivity
* Malpractice
84
what are the costs of burnout on community and society?
-Erosion of trust
-Worsening population health outcomes
-Lack of preparedness for public health crisis
-Cost - $4.6 billion/year
85
which Healthcare providers that had the highest death toll during COVID-19?
nurses and support (like home health aids)
86
Healthcare providers have been among the most vulnerable groups during the Covid-19 pandemic. Specific risk factors?
Greater exposure to the infectious agent
* Limited information about the virus and its mechanisms
* Difficulty in accessing PPE
* High stress work environment* Long working hours
* Fatigue and professional burnout
* Fear of infecting their loved ones
* Stigmatization
* Increased violence from patients and theirfamilies
87
who are apart of the overlooked frontline workers?
Low-wage health professions during the COVID-19:
* Health care support workers such as orderlies and phlebotomists
* Direct care workers such as home health and personal care aides
* Health care service workers such as housekeepers and cooks
88
how do we support low wage health care workers?
Keep all health workers safe Introduce hazard pay – HEROES Act, $ 200 billion
Federally mandated hazard pay, prioritizing low-wage workers
Raising pay permanently to a living wage
Expand paid-leave In 2019, less than a third of workers in the bottom 10% of income earnings had access to paid sick leave, compared to nine out of 10 higher-paid workers in the top quarter of income earnings
. Give workers the respect they deserve
89
what are two elements that are present in the definition of an occupational disease?
* the causal relationship between exposure in a specific work environment or work activities and a specific disease
* the fact that the disease occurs among a group of exposed persons with a frequency above the average morbidity of the rest of the population
90
occupational disease
illness associated with a patricular occupation
91
occupational disease
overs any disease contracted as a result of an exposure to risk factors arising from work activity
92
what are some employee focused approaches to reducing burnout
- at the individual level: encouraging restorative workday breaks and enhancing individual coping skills
- at leadership level: showing clear support for worker rest and recovery and supporting work-life balance
93
what changes impact health education and promotion?
-Health information
◦ Healthcare costs◦ The Affordable Care Ac
t◦ Demographic patterns
◦ Technology in general and online presence of information, products, and services
94
what is a demographic profile?
Breakdown by age group, sex, race, and ethnicity shows much change from just 10years ago.
95
as time moves on will the US population become more or less diverse?
more
96
starting in 2030, what does the Census Bureau anticipate will be the primary source of population growth in the United States? and in what racial/ ethnic group will there be a big change in
-immigration
- Hispanic and Asian Pacific Islander groups due to immigration patterns and immigrants having higher rates of fertility than native-born peoples
97
where is one place where the more diverse populace is being seen is in
public schools
98
what are some demographic changes that are specific to the US? why is this happening?
* US population is getting older
* there will be a need for health-related programs for older Americans
- by 2060, the population over 65 is expected to grow to 25% of the population and the median age will continue to rise
* Americans are living longer.◦ Couples are having fewer children.
◦ Baby boomers (born between 1946 -1964) are nearing retirement age; by 2030 all will be retired
99
what are some social mores and practices that have changed since 1960?
-Rights of various groups
◦ Family structure
◦ Healthcare ethics
◦ Reliance on technology
100
how has technology as a social trend affected people?
-Improved quality of life and the way education is delivered will impact us more than ever.
- New delivery platforms, including mobile device apps.
*EX: Monitor exercise, sleep, calories, Provide reminders to take medications.◦ Track blood sugar
101
how family structure will continue to change?
Traditional family (two parents and children) less common.
◦ Postmodern family has many variations.
◦ More 18- to 29-year-olds are living with parents.◦
Higher percentage of mothers in the workforce.
◦ Almost one-third of children under 18 years live in poverty.
◦ COVID-19 has put further stress on the family unit
102
how has political climate changed?
- they have become less cooperative
-Frustration with politics & politicians◦
Various views—conservative, moderate, liberal
◦ Health & politics linked (e.g., ACA, SNAP, COVID-19 restrictions)
◦ More macrolevel practice will be needed
Advocacy will become more important for health education specialists & is reflected in HESPA II 2020
◦ Health education specialists will need to get involved in the political process
103
Health care and the afforable care act
- Even with the ACA, which promotes wellness, healthcare system still needs change.
◦ Costs continue to rise and too many are uninsured or underinsured.
◦ Care continues to focus on treatment, not prevention.
◦ Better health behavior is needed.
◦ COVID-19 has shown that more health care can be delivered virtually.
◦ Increase in tailored health education programs (e.g., Healthwise).◦
Health education specialists can help deliver education
104
how must professional preparation evolve? what changes will come?
to meet demographic and societal changes.
-Professional preparation will continue to move more to preparing health education specialists for macro-level practice.
105
what should the professional preparation programs be guided by? and what do profession prepartion programs need?
-The curriculum in professional preparation programs should be guided by the findings of HESPA II 2020.
- they need to be accredited (peer reviewed)
106
credentialing
- Credentialing provides a means to assess whether a person has met a certain level of competence
- It is an important component for providing accountability for professional practice
107
individual credentialing
-Individual credentialing in the health education/promotion profession is required (i.e., licensure) in school health and voluntary (i.e., CHES orMCHES) in public health
- Individual credentialing can assist with meeting standards and with reimbursement for services
108
what made health education a core subject in 2015?
* Every Student Succeeds ACT
109
T/ F: School health can play a big part in the health of students, their success in adulthood, and the health of a community.
True
110
what does the CDC recommend using to address health in schools?
Whole School, Whole community, Whole Child Model
111
if you plan on working in a school setting as a health education specialist you must be able to:
- prepare and deliver lessons
- use technology
- asses health needs
- evaluate lessons
- communicate effectively
- apply behavior change strategies
- teach and promote health literacy
- assess the needs of the priority population
- collaborate with others
- serve as a resource person
112
T/F: flexibility is no imperative in order to adapt to ongoing change
False
113
T/F : Expansion of worksite health education/promotion programs are creating increasing numbers of opportunities for health education specialists
True
114
if you plan on working in work site setting you must be able to do what?
- market the program
-conduct a needs assessment
- carryout a needs assessment
-design and employ evaluation strategies
- plan and manage a budget
- serve as a resource person
-communicate effectively
- apply behavior change theories
115
which of the f0ur major health care settings has the most variety of options for the ?practice of health education and promotion
Public Health setting
116
what is the purpose of community health organizations?
- to both monitor improve the health of the public they serve, thus much of the work revolves around planning, implementing, and evaluating population-level interventions.
117
if you plan on working in a public/ community health setting public you must be able to do what?
- be flexible
- continue to enhance technology skills
- engage the priority population
- understand literature and research
- assess the needs and strengths of the community
- work with divers priority population
- use marketing techniques
-advocate for health
118
if you plan on working in a clinical/ health care setting you need to be able to:
- perform basic health screenings
-apply behavior change strategies
- understand informatics
-effectively communicate
- speak or learn a second language
-continue to enhance technology skills
- be flexible
- function as a resource person
- work independently and as part of a team
- advocate for universal health care
- serve a a liaison between settings
119
teaching in postsecondary institution require what?
a graduate degree
120
implication for practicing HEP in alternative setting?
- Sales positions with textbook companies, pharmaceutical companies, and medical supply companies are available.
◦ Increasing need for health education specialists in long-term care facilities working with the aging population.
◦ Health education specialists will need to work with community health workers to improve the health of communities.
◦Increasing number of opportunities for health education specialists in entrepreneurial or consultant roles
121
what are some actions for Current and Future Health Education Specialists?
-Need to think of the profession as one that helps keep people healthy.
◦ Need to collaborate with other health professionals.
- strive to exhibit greater professional solidarity (advocate for health ed/ promotion and the role trained health educations specialist lay as apart of the healthcare team)
- Advocate for those who do not have a voice to ensure that health services and health education/promotion are available for all.
