HLTH 22 final review Flashcards
where did the first cases of coronavirus reported?
Wuhan, China
what was causing coronavirus?
SARS- coV2
what does SARS-coV2 stand for? Was this a novel coronavirus?
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - Coronavirus 2/ yes it was a novel coronavirus
when was the first case of coronavirus reported? When was it first reported in turkey?
December 2019/ in turkey it was march 11,2020
what are vulnerable populations in risk of in healthcare? what is this caused by?
dissipate health care outcomes and access. this is caused by ethnic, cultural, economic, and/or health characteristics
who are included in vulnerable populations?
- elderly
- pregnant women and children
-people living with chronic health conditions
-people living with physical and/or mental disabilities
-prisoners
-the socioeconomically disadvantaged
-the LGBTQI community
-migrants & refugees
what are the conditions by which people live, work, play, grow, and age in called? what are some examples of this?
the social determinants of health
these include:
- food
-education
-economic stability
- access to healthcare
what do vulnerable and marginalized groups experience?
- barriers to social protection and health services
- poorer working and living conditions
- weaker safety nets and stigma
what do public health crises like covid do to preexisting inequities? who is more susceptible because of this?
it exacerbates or worsens the conditions.
vulnerable populations are more susceptible
how do pandemic conditions change who are included in vulnerable populations
because of a sudden loss of income and social support
what groups were economically vulnerable during lockdown?
-daily wage earners
- domestic workers
-victims of COVID-19 and their families
- microenterprises/self-employment
-workers of Export Processing Zones
-returnee migrant workers
according to the European Center for Disease Control (ECDC) who are the vulnerable populations?
- medically vulnerable people
- people who are in economically vulnerable situations
list some people who are medically vulnerable
- older adults
- people living with dementia
- people living with physical and/or mental disabilities
- people who have trouble reading, speaking, understanding, or communicating
- people with underlying conditions (those with heart disease, cancer, hypertension, diabetes, and chronic respiratory disease
- people who are immunocompromised due to medical conditions or treatments (those who have undergone chemotherapy)
- people who need ongoing specialized medical services or need specific medical supplies
- people with chronic psychiatric illnesses
who are the people that are vulnerable due to socioeconomic status?
- prisoners
-LGBTQI community
-unstable work or inflexible hours
-those with inadequate, insecure, or nonexistent living conditions
-immigrants/ refugees
-sex workers
-people living with HIV
-people who experience gender-based violence
-daily wage workers
-domestic workers - social or geographic isolation
-difficulty accessing transport
-difficulty doing preventative activities
-transport providers
-street vendors
-returnee migrant workers
who are the socially stigmatized and marganilized?
people living with HIV, prisoners, sex workers, and LGBTQI community
how did sweden react when covid started happening?
- quickly changed laws to make it so that workers had wage replacement and there was medical treatment for workers forced to isolate
what did Germany and nordic countries do during the pandemic?
already had laws in place for workers to have wage replacement, automatic sick leave, and medical care so they did not have to make any formal changes to support workers
what did france do during covid times?
automatically considered the virus an occupational disease for workers who contracted it on the job and expanded care work to all care workers
what strategies were reccomended to control the spread of the disease
-social distancing and frequent hand washing
why is social distancing and frequent handwashing not easy for millions of people?
because they live in high density insecure or precarious housing with bad sanitation and no access to clean water
people living in insecure hosuing have what health conditions?
- malnutrition
-non communicable diseases - HIv/Aids
-tuberculosis
what was a concern in African communities during coid19 times?
that the surge of COVID would take focus away from treating other diseases (for ex. the presence of ebola in congo cause for a rise in measles cases
what are some vulnerabilities in kids during COVID times?
- lack of access to school food programs
- increased risk in pregnancy in young girls, dropouts, or domestic abuse
- children whose parents were unable to work from homes (policies for covid for these families experiencing this caused exacerbation in inequities that continues the vicious cycle of poverty and illness)
what are some effective responses for protecting vulnerable populations?
- identify and map the groups that are at risk and are vulnerable to COVID-19 using evidence and ongoing practice
-provide tailored, language-appropriate, culturally, and gender-responsive information that meets the needs of specific vulnerable and marginalized groups
-take measures to ensure the respect for and protection of data
-ensure inclusion of all enclosed care settings like shelters, prisons, orphanages, long term care facilities, etc
define culture
-Set of values that the members of a given group hold and includes the norms they follow and the material goods that they create(Giddens, 1993
-A multi-faceted concept shaped by race, ethnicity, gender, class, religion, language, and nationality amongothers(Tribe, 2005)
define mental health
-A state of mental well-being that enables people to cope with the stresses of life, realize their abilities, learn well and work well, and contribute to their community.(WHO, 2022)
how does culture affect mental health?
- affected if we seek help or not and what we think of seeking help
- if we view illnesses ass real or imaginary
- the type of help we seek
-how much stigma people attach to mental illness - meanings people ascribe to their symptoms and illnesses
who are indigenous people?
-Have a historical continuity with pre-invasion and pre-colonialsocieties that developed on their territories,
-Form at present non-dominant sectors of society
-Consider themselves distinct from other parts of the societies nowprevailing on those territories, and/or parts of them
indigenous people world wide
- in over 90 countries
- make 6% of the national total population but make up 20% of the extremely poor population
- life expectancy is 20 years lower compared to non-indigenous people
- about 476 million in the total world population
indigneous people mental health worldwide
-Disproportionate rates of mental illness among indigenous people in US, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand;
- face issues of substance and alcohol misuse, interpersonal violence, and suicide
alaska natives/ american indians
- 574 federally recognized and 100 state recognized tribes
- over 200 languages
-reside in all 50 states - population increase from 2.2 million in 2010 to 6.34 million in 2020
social determinants of aAlaskan natves
- education
- 76% get their highschool diploma
-14% get their bachelors degree - 50,5000 get their advanced graduate degree
- Insurance
- 25.4% of persons under 65 without health insurance coverage
*INCOME - median family income is 37,227
- 28.6% live in poverty as opposed to 12.7% in the general population
-unemployment is higher and median earnings are lower - inadequate housing
what is the leading causes of deaht for AI/AN people
_In 2019, suicide was the second leading cause of death for American Indian/Alaska Natives between the ages of 10 and 34
-Violent deaths, unintentional injuries, homicide, and suicide, account for 75 percent of all mortality in the second decade of life for American Indian/Alaska Natives.
what is the sacred hoop?
- a legacy of numerous traumatic events within a community over generations and the psychological and social responses to those events
- includes:
- racism genocide
- boarding schools loss of parenting skills
adoption of poverty
-epidemics removal relocations - education about culture sexual abuse
-assimilation alcoholism - cultural values harmony revitalization
what are some historical trauma and their causes for AI/AN people?
-Armed conflict and loss of land; loss of traditional lifestyles,
-Forced relocation; diseases and starvation, mass loss of lives
-Forced entry to boarding schools; prohibitions related to the language and spiritual practices
what are the four major settings in which health education specialists are employed?
School, public or community health, worksite, and in health education/ promotion in healthcare settings
is school health comprehensive? what does it include?
yes school health is comprehensive
- it includes classroom instruction (both the physical and social environment)
- faculty/ staff health promotion programs
- physical education and athletics
-health servies
-counseling
what is school health education/ promotion about? what comes of this? what should schools provide?
- teaching school-age children about health & health-related behaviors
- it can impact students lives tremendously
- schools should provide a laboratory where good health behaviors are modeled and practiced.
what is CSHP stand for? what does it mean
Coordinate School Health Program
-an integrated set of planned, sequential, school-affiliated strategies, activities, and services designed to promote the optimal physical, emotional, social, and education development of students
what are some of the national health education standards?
- students will demonstrate the ability to advocate for family, personal, and community health
- students will comprehend concepts related to health promotion and disease prevention to enhance health
-students will demonstrate the ability to practice health-enhancing behaviors and avoid or reduce health risks - students will demonstrate the ability to use decision-making skills to enhance health
-students will analyze the influence of family, friends, culture, media, technology, and other factors of health behaviors
what model is broader than the CSHP? What does this model focus on?
the WSCC (whole school, whole community, whole child model)
-WSCC focuses on :
-student health and learning
-addressing critical education and health outcomes
-encouraging collaborations
and engages in community resources
waht are the responsibilities of school health education specialists?
-lesson planning, grading, parent meetings, and classroom discipline are all part of the job.
- curriculum development
-coaching
-chaperoning student activities
-reviewing materials for classroom use
what are some advantages and disadvantages of working in school health education/promotion?
Advantages:
- have the ability to work with young people during their developmental years
-there is good job security
A graduate degree is not needed for entry-level employment
- there is typically good health and retirement benefits program
- prevent the development of bad or harmful behaviors while the child is still impressionable
DISADVANTAGES:
_ usually spends many long hours at work including weekends and evenings
- have a relatively low status in the school district compared with other teachers like for math, science, and English
- pay is low compared with professional in other fields
-resources may be limited to support the program
are community health education and public health education the same?
- they use the same or similar skill set
- compete for similar jobs
- meet the competencies of NCHEC
Public or Community health education/ promotion
- these jobs focus on public health programs that can be individual, for local communities, states, or the nation
-“The health of the community is closely linked to the health of the community members”
-Healthy People 2030 provides a framework for the work of community and public health specialists.
what are the likely sources of employment for oublic/ community hEP?
- volunteer agencies like the SCD or AHA
- this is where they are hired to plan, implement, and evaluate the educational component of the agency’s programs
- Public health agencies like the state health department where their duties may include administrative roles, coordinating volunteers, budgeting, fund-raising, program planning, grant writing, public speaking and serving as liaisons to other agencies and groups as well as direct program delivery
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF PUBLIC HEALTH. COMMUNITY HEALTH HEP
ADV:
- position offers benefit packages
- typically allow flexible time for evenings and weekends
-high degree of self-satisfaction
-work with multiple groups of people
-job responsibilities are highly varies and changing
DISADV:
- pay may be low, particularly in volunteer agencies
-there is a lot of bureaucracy in public health agencies
- the position may require irregular hours
- job security can be a concern ( people can be payed through grants which is called soft money and once the funding is discontinued, they have no job)
what is worksite health promotion? is worksite ideal for health ed/ promo prgrams?
A coordinated and comprehensive set of strategies which include programs, policies, benefits, environmental supports, and links to the surrounding community designed to meet the health and safety needs of all employees” (CDC, 2020)
- yes it is ideal because:
-workers are typically at the worksite everyday
- social support from fellow employees
- health employees are more productive employees
