HIV/AIDs Flashcards
Evidence for death rate from HIV/AIDs
Almost one million die from HIV/AIDs each year and is the leading cause of death in some countries
Why is it hard to detect HIV
Infected people have no visible signs for most of infected period. Infected people continue with normal behaviour, potentially infecting others. People with limited access to healthcare have difficulty in HIV testing
Give evidence that HIV is hard to detect(specific country)
In some countries, there is lack of awareness of infection. In Congo, only 36.2% of females and 21.2% of males are aware of their HIV infection
What lifestyle choices makes HIV spread
-Having many sexual partners
- Sexually active at young age
- Using injection drugs
- Inaccurate beliefs about HIV
- Not testing for HIV before marriage
- Culture of polygamy
Give evidence that children are sexually active from a young age
- HIV prevalence among sex workers in India varies by region, but in high-risk areas, it can range from 7% to 40%. In Mumbai and Kolkata, HIV prevalence among sex workers is particularly high, and trafficked children are especially vulnerable.
- Severe problem with child prostitution, particularly in urban centers like Mumbai and Delhi. Children, often trafficked from rural areas or neighboring countries, are exploited in the sex trade.
Give evidence that people may enter marriage without HIV testing
In many countries across Sub-Saharan Africa, cultural and social taboos around premarital sex, coupled with limited awareness or access to HIV testing, contribute to couples entering marriage without knowing their HIV status.
How does social stigma lead to spread of HIV
When individuals stay away from being tested due to stigma attached to HIV, they may continue spreading HIV unknowingly. Those who choose to remain silent for fear of facing discrimination, chance of infecting partners increase. They also avoid discrimination from health professionals
Evidence for social stigma against HIV
Many African countries, including Burkina Faso and Mali had above 50% of people saying they would not buy groceries from a shopkeeper if they had HIV, and these countries have a significant proportion of polygamous households
Give specific evidence for discrimination against HIV patients
Ryan Wayne White (American teenager) from Indiana became national poster child for HIV after his school barred him from attending classes following diagnosis of AIDS. Doctors gave him six months to live and said he posed no risk to other students
What is the impact of antiretroviral therapy
Its the application of drugs in treatment of HIV. An HIV-positive individual who uses ART is less likely to transmit virus as it reduces number of viral particles present in them. It was found treatment reduces risk of HIV between couples by as much as 96%
Evidence for number of people who received ART
In 2005, only 2 million received ART but by 2018 this figure increased more than 10 fold to 23 million, but this is only 61% of HIV-positive individuals. So 14.6 million individuals still lack access to treatment
Statistics for people not knowing their HIV status
In 2018, 79% of people living with HIV knew their status, so 1 in 5 people living with HIV are unaware
Is ART affordable
ART is cheaper in low-income countries which can be attirbuted to price deals between governments and HIV drug companies. Increased market competition among producers have drove down price of generic drug over several years in low-income countries.
Give positive evidence for HIV ART distribution
In 2005, only 2 million people received ART; by 2018 this figure has increased more than ten-fold to 23 million
Give example for affordability of ART(PEPFAR)
President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief(US gov initiative) concentrated on curbing HIV infections in low-income nations calculated that the cost of first-line treatment dropped to $286 per patient per year in 2014 from 2003 price of $1100 per patient
Give evidence that people still cannot afford ART
Cost of ART per year is $100-$268, but the GDP per capita (2020) of these countries are only $625(Malawi), $565(Niger) and $817(Uganda)
Give example for affordability of ART (Medecins Sans Frontieres)
According to Medecins Sans Frontieres from 2014 to 2016, prices of first-line antiretroviral drug treatment cut down by 30%, with price as low as $100 per patient per year
What are economic challenges in healthcare
Although ART is cheaper, it is still unavailable to many due to inability of ART supply chains to ensure last-mile delivery. Necessary medicines are available in-country, but do not reach peripheral clinics because of cumbersome procedures, logistical challenges or lack of resources
Give evidence for how maintaining HIV response is difficult
Botswana is upper middle-income country but donors increasingly focus on low-income countries and donors have reduced or withdrawn funding. Since PEPFAR’s interception, Botswana received 706mil in health assistance from US govt but in 2016 PEPFAR more than halved funding from 84mil in 2011 to 28mil
How does population mobility lead to rise in AIDS
Millions of mobile populations such as long-distance truck drivers may spend long time away from families, higher chance of risk-taking behaviour such as engaging services of paid sex workers.
Give evidence for population mobility leading to rise in AIDs
Viruses are able to hitch rides travelling from commercial hub of Kinshasa to ports at Congo River/s mouth and cities in the region’s far reaches. Kinshasa Highway is now known as AIDs highway
What are socio-demographic impacts of HIV
Life expectancy decreases and there is orphan crisis
What is orphan crisis due to HIV
Large number of children lose their parents due to HIV. Caretakers face deeper poverty crisis and orphans which are uncared for are vulnerable to force labour, forced into sex industry or recruitment as child soldiers
What are economic impacts of HIV(healthcare expenditure)
Can be expensive for individuals and countries, costs may come in form of treatment/research. Antiretroviral drugs can be expensive regardless of country and in some LDCs cost must be subsidised by NGOs or government
What is the evidence for high cost of antiretroviral drugs
In Singapore, a combination of antiretroviral drugs can range in cost from $160 to $1200 a month
What are economic impacts of HIV (slower economic growth)
Shortage of skilled labour in the workforce, causes high deaths rates which shrink workforce. Illness may cause employee absence for long periods of time, lower labour productivity. Lack of funds lead to less effective education system, lower skilled workforce.
What is evidence for slower economic growth due to HIV
Uganda’s economic growth has slowed 1.2% each year due to HIV, and will be slowed by 39% directly due to HIV by 2025.
