D-S integration Flashcards
Malaria - Individual - Advantage
Studies have shown that consistent use of mosquito nets can reduce malaria transmission by up to 50%. For instance, a study conducted in Nigeria between 2010 and 2015 found that households that regularly used insecticide-treated nets had a 45% lower incidence of malaria compared to those that did not.
Malaria - Individual - Disadvantage
In high-transmission areas, like Sub-Saharan Africa, where mosquitoes breed in numerous and widespread locations, individual actions alone are insufficient. Large-scale measures such as fogging or indoor residual spraying (IRS) in public areas have to be implemented for malaria vector control.
Malaria - Community - Advantage
In Cameroon and Cambodia, local volunteers and village malaria workers have been used to conduct proactive and reactive case detection in communities to prevent transmission, while the Interactive Malaria Awareness Program in South Africa has successfully used home-based care workers to form local-level partnerships and to also educate communities on malaria prevention and control.
Malaria - Community - Disadvantage
During the Malaria Control Programme in Kano State, Nigeria, community groups tried to conduct awareness campaigns to educate residents about malaria prevention. However, community initiatives often face financial, manpower and logistical constraints that limit their ability to scale up interventions. These groups lack the funds to purchase and distribute Insecticide-Treated Nets (ITNs) or to conduct widespread health education campaigns.
Malaria - Government - Advantage
In Dehli during monsoon season 2020, authorities carried out domestic breeding checking, fogging, anti-larval spray, and sanitization of wet spots to reduce mosquitoes’ breeding. Authorities carried out inspection drives and penalised the persons or the establishments where breeding spots for mosquitoes are found. As per the data, the corporations have served 11,942 legal notices and launched 106 prosecutions against the violators.
Malaria - Government - Disadvantage
Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) program implemented in Mozambique in the early 2000s
According to a 2007 study, despite initial coverage rates of about 60% in some areas, the actual impact on malaria transmission was minimal.
Additionally, a 2011 evaluation noted that over 30% of households reported not receiving the spray, and many people had concerns about the safety and effectiveness of the chemicals used.
Malaria - NGO - Advantage
In Malawi, an NGO-supported community health club established in 2016 in the Lilongwe district conducted regular malaria prevention activities, such as spraying homes with insecticides and distributing mosquito nets. These efforts led to a 25% reduction in malaria cases among club members.
Malaria - NGO - Disadvantage
A prominent international NGO, Global Health Initiatives, launched a large-scale malaria prevention program in rural Nigeria in 2015. The program was heavily reliant on external funding, which was cut short in 2018 due to a global economic downturn. This abrupt termination of funding led to the collapse of many program activities. As a result of these challenges, the program failed to achieve its intended goals. Malaria incidence in the targeted areas actually increased during the program’s implementation. A study conducted in 2018 found that malaria mortality rates in the program areas were 20% higher than in neighbouring regions.
Malaria - International Organisation - Advantage
The WHO Global technical strategy for malaria 2016–2030, updated in 2021, provides a technical framework for all malaria-endemic countries. It is intended to guide and support regional and country programmes as they work towards malaria control and elimination.
Malaria - International Organisation - Disadvantage
The WHO’s malaria control programs in the DRC are often constrained by limited funding. This has made it difficult to scale up interventions and reach all affected populations. Malaria incidence in the country remains high, and progress towards eliminating malaria has been slow. A study conducted in 2020 found that malaria mortality rates in the DRC were among the highest in the world.
HIV - Individual - Advantage
For instance, a study conducted in South Africa between 2010 and 2015 found that individuals who consistently used condoms during sexual activity had a 70% lower risk of HIV infection compared to those who did not.
HIV - Individual - Disadvantage
(lifestyle choices)
Cost of ART per year is $100-$268, but the GDP per capita (2020) of Malawi Niger and Uganda are only $625, $565 and $817 respectively
HIV - Community - Advantage
In 1990, one community action for change in Southern Province of Zambia was scaled up and transferred to all parts of the country through the action of the traditional leadership Council of Chiefs. In this area, tradition demands that a family member has sexual intercourse with the spouse or partner of the person who has died. In many areas, this has been a major cause of increased HIV infection. By common agreement over a year of community counselling and discussions, thousands of community members have been choosing non-sexual means to address this tradition. Community-based care and prevention teams (CPT) help sustain the change.
HIV - Community - Disadvantage
“Sistas Empowering Sistas” (SES) program in Zambia. The initiative relied heavily on local donations and volunteer support, leading to limited capacity for outreach and education efforts. Many women faced barriers in accessing healthcare facilities due to distance, lack of transportation, or unavailability of services.
HIV - Government - Advantage
Many governments have enacted laws to protect individuals living with HIV from discrimination. These laws can help reduce stigma and encourage people to seek testing and treatment. For instance, a study conducted in South Africa found that countries with stronger anti-discrimination laws had a 10% higher rate of HIV testing among at-risk populations.
