Disease - Part 1 Flashcards
What are common indicators of health
Infant mortality rate, life expectancy, daily calorie intake
Name two causes of death in DCs
More causes of death related to degenerative diseases
Death related to affluent lifestyle
Why are there more causes of death related to degenerative diseases in DC
Attributed to greater proportion of elder due to high life expectancy, they are more likely to experience degenerative diseases
Explain more deaths related to affluent lifestyle
Overconsumption and lack of physical activity leads to diseases such as heart disease, stroke and diabetes
What are two causes of death in LDC
More causes of death related to infectious diseases and lack of access to healthcare
Define degenerative diseases
Result of continuous process based on degenerative cell changes, affecting tissues or organs which will increasingly deteriorate over time, due to normal bodily wear or choices/habits
Define infectious diseases
Diseases that result from infections from pathogens that can spread through various means
Describe why men are biologically disadvantaged when it comes to health
Higher death rate of all ages, miscarriages disproportionally occur with male fetuses and biological differences exacerbated by social factors. Men are more likely to engage in risk-taking behaviour(e.g. drive faster, binge drink)
Evidence for men more likely to engage in risk-taking behaviour
In 2019, 7% of men had an alcohol use disorder compared with 4% of women in the US
How does level of affluence affect the way citizens live and their health
Diet and lifestyle -> malnutrition, may need work longer hours/do labourious jobs puts body through stress
Living conditions -> level of hygiene, availability of sanitation, clean water supply, affect spread of infectious disease
Poverty of access -> accessibility to medical care and (quality) treatment
Evidence for number of people living in urban slums
Urban slums are home to estimated 828 million people, one third of world’s urban population
Impact of overcrowded housing
Facilitates spread of infectious disease
Impact of poor sanitation and lack of access to safe food and water
Contributes to high prevalence of diarrheal diseases
Impact of lack of structurally sound and climate-adapted homes
Health of slum dwellers at risk of climate-change related extreme weather
Evidence for impact of poor housing
31% of adults in Britain (15.9mil) had mental/physical health problems because of condition of or lack of space in home during lockdown, mainly caused by severe lack of housing in Britain
What are political factors affecting health
Government intervention
- Crucial for ensuring availability and affordability of quality healthcare for residents
Wars and conflicts
- Lead to breakdown of country’s healthcare system, deterioration of population health status
How can government improve healthcare
Ratio of doctors to patient increased over the years, esp in DC
Improved sanitation led to decline in mortality rates
Provision of safe drinking water reduced threat of water borne diseases
Why are government policies for healthcare hard to implement
Governments may not have resources(medicine, money, doctors, facilities) and schemes to provide basic healthcare for all population, especially those in remote areas. Compulsory nationwide vaccination programmes for children need resources like vax doses, med equipment & professionals
Why will wars increase mortality rates
Increase mortality rates due to battle wounds and deaths
Attacks on health workers and facilities exact toll on civilian access to care
Collapse of utilities leads to outbreak of epidemics and pandemics brought about by unsanitary conditions
Name some environmental impacts that can impact rate of spread of disease
Climate, latitude, elevation, precipitation, presence of hosts or vectors of diseases
Describe how human activities affect health
Economic activities in cities such as coal-powered industries leads to air pollution
Transportation that causes both pollution and traffic accidents
Name some evidence for how pollution kills people annually
Pollution kills 8.3 million people annually, killing 2.33 million people in India and 1.87 million in China
