Disease - Part 1

Question 1

What are common indicators of health

Answer 1

Infant mortality rate, life expectancy, daily calorie intake

Question 2

Name two causes of death in DCs

Answer 2

More causes of death related to degenerative diseases
Death related to affluent lifestyle

Question 3

Why are there more causes of death related to degenerative diseases in DC

Answer 3

Attributed to greater proportion of elder due to high life expectancy, they are more likely to experience degenerative diseases

Question 4

Explain more deaths related to affluent lifestyle

Answer 4

Overconsumption and lack of physical activity leads to diseases such as heart disease, stroke and diabetes

Question 5

What are two causes of death in LDC

Answer 5

More causes of death related to infectious diseases and lack of access to healthcare

Question 6

Define degenerative diseases

Answer 6

Result of continuous process based on degenerative cell changes, affecting tissues or organs which will increasingly deteriorate over time, due to normal bodily wear or choices/habits

Question 7

Define infectious diseases

Answer 7

Diseases that result from infections from pathogens that can spread through various means

Question 8

Describe why men are biologically disadvantaged when it comes to health

Answer 8

Higher death rate of all ages, miscarriages disproportionally occur with male fetuses and biological differences exacerbated by social factors. Men are more likely to engage in risk-taking behaviour(e.g. drive faster, binge drink)

Question 9

Evidence for men more likely to engage in risk-taking behaviour

Answer 9

In 2019, 7% of men had an alcohol use disorder compared with 4% of women in the US

Question 10

How does level of affluence affect the way citizens live and their health

Answer 10

Diet and lifestyle -> malnutrition, may need work longer hours/do labourious jobs puts body through stress
Living conditions -> level of hygiene, availability of sanitation, clean water supply, affect spread of infectious disease
Poverty of access -> accessibility to medical care and (quality) treatment

Question 11

Evidence for number of people living in urban slums

Answer 11

Urban slums are home to estimated 828 million people, one third of world’s urban population

Question 12

Impact of overcrowded housing

Answer 12

Facilitates spread of infectious disease

Question 13

Impact of poor sanitation and lack of access to safe food and water

Answer 13

Contributes to high prevalence of diarrheal diseases

Question 14

Impact of lack of structurally sound and climate-adapted homes

Answer 14

Health of slum dwellers at risk of climate-change related extreme weather

Question 15

Evidence for impact of poor housing

Answer 15

31% of adults in Britain (15.9mil) had mental/physical health problems because of condition of or lack of space in home during lockdown, mainly caused by severe lack of housing in Britain

Question 16

What are political factors affecting health

Answer 16

Government intervention
- Crucial for ensuring availability and affordability of quality healthcare for residents
Wars and conflicts
- Lead to breakdown of country’s healthcare system, deterioration of population health status

Question 17

How can government improve healthcare

Answer 17

Ratio of doctors to patient increased over the years, esp in DC
Improved sanitation led to decline in mortality rates
Provision of safe drinking water reduced threat of water borne diseases

Question 18

Why are government policies for healthcare hard to implement

Answer 18

Governments may not have resources(medicine, money, doctors, facilities) and schemes to provide basic healthcare for all population, especially those in remote areas. Compulsory nationwide vaccination programmes for children need resources like vax doses, med equipment & professionals

Question 19

Why will wars increase mortality rates

Answer 19

Increase mortality rates due to battle wounds and deaths
Attacks on health workers and facilities exact toll on civilian access to care
Collapse of utilities leads to outbreak of epidemics and pandemics brought about by unsanitary conditions

Question 20

Name some environmental impacts that can impact rate of spread of disease

Answer 20

Climate, latitude, elevation, precipitation, presence of hosts or vectors of diseases

Question 21

Describe how human activities affect health

Answer 21

Economic activities in cities such as coal-powered industries leads to air pollution
Transportation that causes both pollution and traffic accidents

Question 22

Name some evidence for how pollution kills people annually

Answer 22

Pollution kills 8.3 million people annually, killing 2.33 million people in India and 1.87 million in China