HIV Flashcards
HIV
Diploid: Carries two copies of (+) stranded RNA
RNA is tightly bound to
key enzymes
- Reverse Transcriptase
- Aspartate Protease
- Integrase
Reverse Transcriptase
Makes RNA from DNA
Aspartate Protease
Cleavage of proteins
Integrase
Integrates DNA into host cell DNA
HIV shape
Conical capsid
HIV is composed of
multiple copies of nonvariable, p24 protein
Does immune system produce antibodies to HIV?
Yes, but they are not strong enough to neutralize virus
HIV envelope made of
phospholipids from human cell membrane
What protein does the envelop contain?
env
Cap of env protein contains
glycoproteins (gp120 and gp41)
gp120
attachment to T cells
gp41
fusion and entry into T-cells
gp120 and gp41 are both formed as a
single protein (gp160) and cleaved
Gene for gp 120 mutates
rapidly (antigenic variation)
V3 loop portion of gp120
highly immunogenic
so varies significantly
and antibody neutralization difficult
Antibodies develop against what portion of gp 120?
V3 loop
3 main genes encode HIV virus
Gag
Pol
Env
Gag gene encodes
nucleocapsid (p24)
Pol gene encodes
polymerase
- reverse transcriptase
- integrase
- protease
Env gene encodes
envelope proteins
-gp120: gp120+gp41
Tat and Rev genes required for
viral replication
tat
activates gene transcription
rev
transports mRNA from nucleus to cytoplasm
Auxillary genes
Nef, viv, vpr, vpu, vpx
-Not required for replication (auxillary)
Nef
decrease CD4 proteins and MHC-I on T-Cell surfaces
Major lymphocyte receptors used by HIV to enter cells
CCR5 and CXCR4
CCR5-tropic viruses
Replicate in monocytes/macrophages (M-tropic)
Can also infect dendritic cells (trafficking to lymph nodes)
Occur early: sexually transmitted to macrophages
CXCR-tropic viruses
Replicate more efficiently in T-cells (T-tropic)
Occur later after infection has developed
Mutations to CCR5 gene associated with
decreased susceptibility to HIV infection
Which drug class does not work in HIV-2?
NNRTIs
Presentation of acute HIV syndrome often confused with
mononucleosis (EBV)
ELISA
Tests for antibody only. Sensitive but many false positives. Western blot used to confirm positive ELISA (specific).
4th generation tests
Combination tests for p24 antigen and HIV antibodies
If positive, antibody differentiation assay
Acute HIV
p24 and HIV antibodies are not generated yet but you can test for viral load (HIV RNA)
HIV PCR testing used for babies b/c
HIV antibodies from mother may exist for months
Pneumocystis Pneumonia
CD4<200
TMP-SMX
Pneumocystis and Toxic Plasmosis
CD4<100
TMP-SMX
Histoplasmosis (endemic areas)
CD4<100
Itroconazole
Mycobacterium Avium Complex
CD4<50
Azithromycin