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HistoWorld > HistoWorld LE4 > Flashcards

HistoWorld LE4 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the primary site for absorption of nutrients?
a. Stomach
b. Small intestine
c. Ascending colon
d. Descending colon
e. Both a and b equally

A

b. Small intestine

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2
Q

What are the finger like projections of mucosa that are seen in the small intestine?
a. Lacteal
b. Crypts of Lieberkuhn
c. Plicae circulares
d. Striated border
e. Villi

A

e. Villi

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3
Q

3.
What is the outer layer of the GI tract called when it is abutting another organ?
a. Mucosa
b. Sub mucosa
c. Muscularis externa
d. Serosa
e. Adventitia

A

e. Adventitia

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4
Q

4.
Where is masticatory mucosa found
a. Tongue underside
b. Hard palate
c. Soft palate
d. Lips
e. Cheek

A

b. Hard palate

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5
Q

5.
What is the surface layer of masticatory mucosa composed of?
a. Non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
b. Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
c. Simple squamous epithelium
d. Pseudostratified squamous epithelium
e. Both a and b

A

e. Both a and b

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6
Q

6.
Which layer is NOT present in masticatory epithelium?
a. Stratum basale
b. Stratum spinosum
c. Stratum granulosum
d. Stratum lucidum
e. Stratum corneum

A

d. Stratum lucidum

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7
Q

7.
Which type of papillae on the tongue is the most abundant?
a. Filiform papillae
b. Circumvallate papillae
c. Fungiform papillae
d. Foliate papillae
e. All of the above

A

a. Filiform papillae

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8
Q

8.
What is the innermost layer of the GI tract called?
a. Mucosa
b. Sub mucosa
c. Muscularis externa
d. Serosa
e. Adventitia

A

a. Mucosa

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9
Q

9.
What is the lymphatic capillary within a villus of the small intestine called?
a. Lacteal
b. Crypts of Lieberkuhn
c. Plicae circulares
d. Striated border
e. Villi

A

a. Lacteal

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10
Q

10.
Which type of papillae on the tongue is not well developed in man?
a. Filiform papillae
b. Circumvallate papillae
c. Fungiform papillae
d. Foliate papillae
e. All of the above

A

d. Foliate papillae

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11
Q

6.
What covers the tooth that is embedded within the jaw?
a. Pulp cavity
b. Dentin
c. Dental pulp
d. Cementum
e. Enamel

A

d. Cementum

The central portion of a tooth is the pulp cavity. The pulp cavity is surrounded by dentin. Within the pulp cavity is a soft tissue, called dental pulp. Cementum covers the part of the tooth that is within the jaw. Enamel covers the part of the tooth within the oral cavity.

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12
Q

7.
What is within the pulp cavity?
a. Pulp cavity
b. Dentin
c. Dental pulp
d. Cementum
e. Enamel

A

c. Dental pulp

The central portion of a tooth is the pulp cavity. The pulp cavity is surrounded by dentin. Within the pulp cavity is a soft tissue, called dental pulp. Cementum covers the part of the tooth that is within the jaw. Enamel covers the part of the tooth within the oral cavity.

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13
Q

8.
What is the central portion of a tooth called?
a. Pulp cavity
b. Dentin
c. Dental pulp
d. Cementum
e. Enamel

A

a. Pulp cavity

The central portion of a tooth is the pulp cavity. The pulp cavity is surrounded by dentin. Within the pulp cavity is a soft tissue, called dental pulp. Cementum covers the part of the tooth that is within the jaw. Enamel covers the part of the tooth within the oral cavity.

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14
Q

What covers the visible portion of a tooth ?
a. Pulp cavity
b. Dentin
c. Dental pulp
d. Cementum
e. Enamel

A

e. Enamel

The central portion of a tooth is the pulp cavity. The pulp cavity is surrounded by dentin. Within the pulp cavity is a soft tissue, called dental pulp. Cementum covers the part of the tooth that is within the jaw. Enamel covers the part of the tooth within the oral cavity.

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15
Q

What surrounds the pulp cavity?
a. Pulp cavity
b. Dentin
c. Dental pulp
d. Cementum
e. Enamel

A

b. Dentin

The central portion of a tooth is the pulp cavity. The pulp cavity is surrounded by dentin. Within the pulp cavity is a soft tissue, called dental pulp. Cementum covers the part of the tooth that is within the jaw. Enamel covers the part of the tooth within the oral cavity.

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16
Q

Which layer contains the lamina propria?
a. Mucosa
b. Sub mucosa
c. Muscularis externa
d. Serosa
e. Adventitia

A

a. Mucosa

The mucosa is the innermost layer of the GI tract. It consists of epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa.

The submucosa is connective tissue. Within it are lymphatic vessels and nerve plexuses. Meissner’s plexus is located in the submucosa.

The muscularis externa consists of thick layers of smooth muscle. It contains Auerbach’s plexus.

The outer layer of the GI tract is either an adventitia or serosa. The serosa consists of only a single layer of epithelial cells and underlying connective tissue. The adventitia is the outer layer of the GI tract when it is abutting another organ the posterior abdominal wall.

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17
Q

What is another term for the valve of Kerckring?
a. Lacteal
b. Crypts of Lieberkuhn
c. Plicae circulares
d. Striated border
e. Villi

A

c. Plicae circulares

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18
Q

Which type of papillae on the tongue is the smallest?
a. Filiform papillae
b. Circumvallate papillae
c. Fungiform papillae
d. Foliate papillae
e. All of the above

A

a. Filiform papillae

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19
Q

Where are Peyer’s patches located?
a. Esophagus
b. Stomach
c. Small intestine
d. Large intestine
e. Rectum

A

c. Small intestine

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20
Q

5.
What type of muscle makes up the muscularis externa in the esophagus?
a. Smooth
b. Striated
c. Cardiac
d. both a and b
e. a, b, and c.

A

d. both a and b

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21
Q

6.
What are mucous surface cells?
a. Simple squamous epithelium
b. Simple cuboidal epithelium
c. Simple columnar epithelium
d. Stratified squamous epithelium
e. Transitional epithelium

A

c. Simple columnar epithelium

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22
Q

7.
Which layer consists of only a single layer of epithelial cells and underlying
connective tissue?
a. Mucosa
b. Sub mucosa
c. Muscularis externa
d. Serosa
e. Adventitia

A

d. Serosa

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23
Q

8.
What is another term for the brush border?
a. Lacteal
b. Crypts of Lieberkuhn
c. Plicae circulares
d. Striated border
e. Villi

A

d. Striated border

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24
Q

9.
Which type of papillae on the tongue is arranged in a “V” shape on the tongue?
a. Filiform papillae
b. Circumvallate papillae
c. Fungiform papillae
d. Foliate papillae
e. All of the above

A

b. Circumvallate papillae

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25
Q

10.
Which cells secrete intrinsic factor?
a. Parietal cells
b. Oxyntic cells
c. Chief cells
c. Mucous neck cells
e. Both a and b

A

e. Both a and b

Chief cells secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen is the precursor for pepsin.

Parietal cells are also called oxyntic cells. They secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor.

Mucous neck cells contain mucinogen granules.

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26
Q

1.
Which layer contains the lining epithelium?
a. Mucosa
b. Sub mucosa
c. Muscularis externa
d. Serosa
e. Adventitia

A

a. Mucosa

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27
Q

2.
Which type of papillae on the tongue does NOT contain taste buds?
a. Filiform papillae
b. Circumvallate papillae
c. Fungiform papillae
d. Foliate papillae
e. All of the above

A

a. Filiform papillae

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28
Q

3.
Which layer contains Auerbach’s plexus?
a. Mucosa
b. Sub mucosa
c. Muscularis externa
d. Serosa
e. Adventitia

A

a. Mucosa

The mucosa is the innermost layer of the GI tract. It consists of epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa.

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29
Q

4.
Which cells secrete hydrochloric acid?
a. Parietal cells
b. Oxyntic cells
c. Chief cells
d. Mucous neck cells
e. Both a and b

A

a. Parietal cells

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30
Q

5.
What is another term for the intestinal glands?
a. Lacteal
b. Crypts of Lieberkuhn
c. Plicae circulares
d. Striated border
e. Villi

A

b. Crypts of Lieberkuhn

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31
Q

6.
Which organ has a mucosa lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
a. Esophagus
b. Stomach
c. Small intestine
d. Large intestine
e. Rectum

A

a. Esophagus

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32
Q

7.
What are the folds of the stomach called?
a. Ruffled border
b. Taeniae coli
c. Gastric glands
d. Rugae
e. Gastric pits

A

d. Rugae

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33
Q

8.
Which type of papillae on the tongue is mushroom shaped?
a. Filiform papillae
b. Circumvallate papillae
c. Fungiform papillae
d. Foliate papillae
e. All of the above

A

c. Fungiform papillae

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34
Q

9.
Which layer contains the muscularis mucosa?
a. Mucosa
b. Sub mucosa
c. Muscularis externa
d. Serosa
e. Adventitia

A

a. Mucosa

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35
Q

10.
What are microvilli called that are seen in the small intestine?
a. Lacteal
b. Crypts of Lieberkuhn
c. Plicae circulares
d. Striated border
e. Villi

A

d. Striated border

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36
Q

1.
Which layer of the gastrointestinal tract contains the gut associated lymphatic
tissue?
a. Mucosa
b. Submucosa
c. Muscularis externa
d. Muscularis mucosae
e. Serosa

A

a. Mucosa

The mucosa is the innermost layer of the GI tract. The mucosa consists of a lining epithelium, lamina propria and muscularis mucosae. Gut associated lymphatic tissue (GALT) is found in the mucosa and sometimes extends into the submucosa.

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37
Q

2.
Which cells secrete pepsinogen?
a. Parietal cells
b. Oxyntic cells
c. Chief cells
d. Mucous neck cells
e. Both a and b

A

c. Chief cells

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38
Q

3.
Which layer contains Meissner’s plexus?
a. Mucosa
b. Sub mucosa
c. Muscularis externa
d. Serosa
e. Adventitia

A

b. Sub mucosa

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39
Q

4.
What type of tissue lines most of the gastrointestinal tract?
a. Simple squamous epithelium
b. Simple cuboidal epithelium
c. Simple columnar epithelium
d. Stratified squamous epithelium
e. Transitional epithelium

A

c. Simple columnar epithelium

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40
Q

5.
What type of tissue lines the upper esophagus?
a. Simple squamous epithelium
b. Simple cuboidal epithelium
c. Simple columnar epithelium
d. Stratified squamous epithelium
e. Transitional epithelium

A

d. Stratified squamous epithelium

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41
Q

6.
What are the modifications of the muscularis externa that is seen on the large intestine?
a. Teniae coli
b. Crypts of Lieberkuhn
c. Plicae circulares
d. Striated border
e. Villi

A

a. Teniae coli

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42
Q

7.
Where are Brunner’s glands located?
a. Esophagus
b. Stomach
c. Small intestine
d. Large intestine
e. Rectum

A

c. Small intestine

Brunner’s glands are glands in the submucosa of the small intestine.

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43
Q

What is the primary cell of the intestinal epithelium of the large intestine?
a. Columnar absorptive cell
b. Goblet cell
c. Parietal cells
d. Paneth cells
e. Chief cells

A

a. Columnar absorptive cell

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44
Q

9.
Which region are goblet cells most numerous?
a. Esophagus
b. Stomach
c. Small intestine
d. Large intestine
e. Anus

A

d. Large intestine

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45
Q

10.
Where is mesothelium found?
a. Mucosa
b. Sub mucosa
c. Muscularis externa
d. Serosa
e. Adventitia

A

d. Serosa

The outer layer of the GI tract is either an adventitia or serosa. The serosa consists of only a single layer of epithelial cells (mesothelium) and underlying connective tissue.
The adventitia is the outer layer of the GI tract when it is abutting another organ the posterior abdominal wal

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46
Q

Which of the following is the exocrine portion of the pancreas?
a. Islets of Langerhans
b. Alpha cells
c. Beta cells
d. Delta cells
e. Acini

A

e. Acini

The endocrine portion of the pancreas is housed in the islets of Langerhans. Within the islets, there are several cell types.
The alpha cells secrete glucagon.
The beta cells secrete insulin. The delta cells secrete somatostain.
The gamma cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide.

The acini is the exocrine portion of the pancreas.

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47
Q

What are divertiuclae of the mucosa of the gallbladder called?
a. Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses
b. Ducts of Luschka
c. Duct of Wirsung
d. Ampulla of Vater
e. Sphincter of Oddi

A

a. Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses

Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses are divertiuclae of the mucosa of the gallbladder. The small bile ducts which connec between the cystic duct and liver are the ducts of Luschka The duct of Wirsung is the pancreatic duct. The opening of the pancreatic duct into the duodenum is at the ampulla of Vater. The valves which regulates the flow of bile into the small intestine is the sphincter of Oddi.

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48
Q

What structure is in the middle of the hepatic lobule?
a. Hepatic artery
b. Portal triad
c. Central vein
d. Portal vein
e. Sinusoids

A

c. Central vein

Hepatocytes are the liver cells. They are arranged to form a liver lobule, which is the functional unit of the liver. The liver lobule is a hexagonal shaped structure. At the angles of the liver lobule are portal triads. The portal triad is composed of a branch of the hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile duct. In the middle of the liver lobule is a central vein. Hepatic sinusoids run between the hepatocytes.

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49
Q

4.
What is the space between the liver sinusoids and the hepatocytes called?
a. Space of Disse
b. Space of Mall
c. Vacuole
d. Lacuna
e. Howship’s lacuna

A

a. Space of Disse

The space of Disse is in the liver. The space of Disse is also called the perisinosoidal space. It is the space between the liver sinusoids and the hepatocytes.

The space of Mall is also in the liver. The space of Mall is located at the portal canal and is the region between the connective tissue and the liver parenchymal cells. It is the site where lymph is formed within the liver.

A vacuole is a small clear space within an individual cell.

A lacuna is a small space or depression. The space that the chondrocyte rests in is a lacuna.

Howship’s lacuna is seen in bone. Howship’s lacuna is a space seen underneath an osteoclast.

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50
Q

5.
What is the name of the cellular mass for the endocrine portion of the pancreas?
a. Islets of Langerhans
b. Alpha cells
c. Beta cells
d. Delta cells
e. Acini

A

a. Islets of Langerhans

51
Q

6.
Which structures are part of the portal triad?
a. Portal vein
b. Hepatic artery
c. Central vein
d. Sinusoids
e. Both a and b

A

e. Both a and b

The portal triad is composed of a branch of the
hepatic artery,
portal vein,
bile duct.

52
Q

7.
Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?
a. Metabolism of bilirubin
b. Deamination of amino acids
c. Storage of iron
d. Storage of copper
e. Storage of calcium

A

e. Storage of calcium

The storage site for calcium is in the bones.

53
Q

8.
What is the functional unit of the liver?
a. Lobule
b. Portal triad
c. Central vein
d. Hepatocyte
e. Sinusoids

A

a. Lobule

Hepatocytes are the liver cells. They are arranged to form a liver lobule, which is the functional unit of the liver. The liver lobule is a hexagonal shaped structure. At the angles of the liver lobule are portal triads.

54
Q

9.
What are the valves which regulates the flow of bile into the intestine?
a. Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses
b. Ducts of Luschka
c. Duct of Wirsung
d. Ampulla of Vater
e. Sphincter of Oddi

A

e. Sphincter of Oddi

55
Q

10.
What cells of the pancreas secrete somatostatin?
a. Islets of Langerhans
b. Alpha cells
c. Beta cells
d. Delta cells
e. Gamma cells

A

d. Delta cells

56
Q

1.
What is the opening of the pancreatic duct into the duodenum?
a. Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses
b. Ducts of Luschka
c. Duct of Wirsung
d. Ampulla of Vater
e. Sphincter of Oddi

A

d. Ampulla of Vater

57
Q

2.
Which of the following is the exocrine portion of the pancreas?
a. Islets of Langerhans
b. Alpha cells
c. Beta cells
d. Delta cells
e. Acini

A

e. Acini

58
Q

4.
In what structure does blood run through between the hepatocytes?
a. Hepatic artery
b. Portal triad
c. Central vein
d. Portal vein
e. Sinusoids

A

e. Sinusoids

Hepatic sinusoids run between the hepatocytes.

59
Q

What is the space called that is located at the portal canal between the hepatocytes and connective tissue?
a. Space of Disse
b. Space of Mall
c. Vacuole
d. Lacuna
e. Howship’s lacuna

A

a. Space of Disse

60
Q

6.
What layer is NOT found in the gallbladder?
a. Mucosa
b. Muscularis mucosa
c. Muscularis
d. Adventita
e. Serosa

A

b. Muscularis mucosa

The gallbladder is comprised of three layers:
mucosa,
muscularis,
adventita or serosa.

Serosa is found on the free surface of the gallbladder.
The mucosa is simple columnar epithelium and lamina propria. There is no muscularis in the mucosa of the gallbladder.

61
Q

7.
What cell type makes up the mucosa of the gallbladder?
a. Simple squamous epithelium
b. Simple cuboidal epithelium
c. Simple columnar epithelium
d. Stratified squamous epithelium
e. Transitional epithelium

A

c. Simple columnar epithelium

62
Q

8.
What is the classification of the pancreas?
a. Mixed
b. Endocrine
c. Exocrine
d. Both endocrine and exocrine
e. None of the above

A

d. Both endocrine and exocrine

63
Q

9.
Which cell is a hepatic macrophage?
a. Kupffer cells
b. Histiocyte
c. Dust cell
d. Langerhans cell
e. Microglia

A

a. Kupffer cells

64
Q

10.
Where in the pancreas are islets of Langerhans most numerous?
a. Head
b. Body
c. Tail
d. Evenly distributed
e. Depends on the individual

A

c. Tail

Islets of Langerhans are most numerous in the tail of the pancreas.

65
Q

What cells of the pancreas secrete insulin?
a. Islets of Langerhans
b. Alpha cells
c. Beta cells
d. Delta cells
e. Gamma cells

A

c. Beta cells

66
Q

What is the pancreatic duct?
a. Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses
b. Ducts of Luschka
c. Duct of Wirsung
d. Ampulla of Vater
e. Sphincter of Oddi

A

c. Duct of Wirsung

Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses are divertiuclae of the mucosa of the gallbladder.

67
Q

3.
What structure is at the angle of the liver lobule?
a. Lobule
b. Portal triad
c. Central vein
d. Hepatocyte
e. Sinusoids

A

b. Portal triad

68
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?
a. Cholecystokinin production
b. Bile production
c. Detoxification
d. Albumin production
e. Synthesis of clotting factors

A

a. Cholecystokinin production

Cholecystokinin is produced by the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract.

69
Q

5.
What cells of the pancreas secrete glucagon?
a. Islets of Langerhans
b. Alpha cells
c. Beta cells
d. Delta cells
e. Gamma cells

A

b. Alpha cells

70
Q

What are the connection between the cystic duct and liver?
a. Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses
b. Ducts of Luschka
c. Duct of Wirsung
d. Ampulla of Vater
e. Sphincter of Oddi

A

b. Ducts of Luschka

71
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?
a. Conversion of glucose into glycogen
b. Storage of glycogen
c. Storage of bile
d. Storage of fat soluble vitamins
e. Cholesterol synthesis

A

c. Storage of bile

72
Q

What cells of the pancreas secrete pancreatic polypeptide?
a. Islets of Langerhans
b. Alpha cells
c. Beta cells
d. Delta cells
e. Gamma cells

A

e. Gamma cells

73
Q

Which of the following is composed of loose connective tissue?
a. Epidermis
b. Reticular layer of dermis
c. Hypodermis
d. Both a and b
e. Both b and c

A

c. Hypodermis

The skin is composed of two layers: the epidermis and the dermis.
Underneath these layers lies the hypodermis.
The epidermis is stratified squamous epithelium.

The dermis is composed of a papillary layer and a reticular layer. The reticular layer of the dermis is made up of dense irregular connective tissue.

The hypodermis is a layer of loose connective tissue.

74
Q

2.
Where is thick skin found?
a. Over the knee
b. Sole of the feet
c. Breast
d. Lips
e. All of the above

A

b. Sole of the feet

75
Q

3.
Which layer of the epidermis has cells which have keratohyaline granules?
a. Stratum basale
b. Stratum spinosum
c. Stratum granulosum
d. Stratum lucidum
e. Stratum corneum

A

c. Stratum granulosum

76
Q

4.
Which cell is a macrophage found in the skin?
a. Kupffer cells
b. Histiocyte
c. Dust cell
d. Langerhans cell
e. Microglia

A

d. Langerhans cell

77
Q

5.
A new miracle skin cream recently hit the beauty counters which is suppose to stimulate collagen production. Which cell is it supposedly stimulating?
a. Langerhans cell
b. Keratinocyte
c. Melanocyte
d. Merkel cell
e. Fibroblast

A

e. Fibroblast

Fibroblasts are found in the dermis. Fibroblasts produces collagen.

78
Q

6.
What is the half moon shaped white area on a nail called?
a. Lunula
b. Eponychium
c. Matrix
d. Nail bed
e. Root

A

a. Lunula

The lunula is the half moon shaped white area on a nail.

The anatomical term for the cuticle is the eponychium.

The matrix is the region of the nails where there are dividing cells and nail growth.

The nail plate rests on the nail bed.

The nail root is the proximal portion of the nail that is underneath skin.

79
Q

7.
What is the growing part of the nail?
a. Lunula
b. Eponychium
c. Matrix
d. Nail bed
e. Root

A

c. Matrix

The lunula is the half moon shaped white area on a nail.

The anatomical term for the cuticle is the eponychium.

The matrix is the region of the nails where there are dividing cells and nail growth.

The nail plate rests on the nail bed.

The nail root is the proximal portion of the nail that is underneath skin.

80
Q

What type of glands are the ceruminous glands?
a. Sebaceous glands
b. Eccrine sweat gland
c. Endocrine gland
d. Apocrine sweat gland
e. Oil gland

A

d. Apocrine sweat gland

The ceruminous glands of the ear are apocrine sweat glands.

81
Q

Which of the following is the most abundant sensory receptor of the skin?
a. Free nerve endings
b. Ruffini’s corpuscles
c. Pacinian corpuscles
d. Krause’s end bulbs
e. Meissner’s corpuscle

A

a. Free nerve endings

There are several different sensory receptors in the skin. The most abundant sensory receptor are the free nerve endings.

Free nerve endings respond to pain and temperature.

Ruffini’s corpuscles respond to continuous pressure.

Pacinian corpuscles respond to vibration and rapidly changing pressure.

Krause’s end bulbs are a receptor for fine touch which are located in mucous membranes and the tongue.

Meissner’s corpuscles are also a receptor for fine touch but they are located in the dermis.

82
Q

10.
Where can hair be found?
a. Palms of hand
b. Soles of feet
c. Urogenital openings
d. Lips
e. Eyelid

A

e. Eyelid

Hair is present over most of the body. It is not found on the palms of the hand,
soles of the feet, urogenital openings, and lips.

83
Q

1.
Which of the following is composed of connective tissue?
a. Epidermis
b. Dermis
c. Hypodermis
d. Both a and b
e. Both b and c

A

e. Both b and c

The dermis is composed of a papillary layer and a reticular layer. The reticular layer of the dermis is made up of dense irregular connective tissue. The hypodermis is a layer of loose connective tissue.

84
Q

Which of the following is composed of dense irregular connective tissue?
a. Epidermis
b. Reticular layer of dermis
c. Hypodermis
d. Both a and b
e. Both b and c

A

b. Reticular layer of dermis

85
Q

3.
Where is thick skin found?
a. Lips
b. Over the knee
c. Palms
d. Breast
e. All of the above

A

c. Palms

86
Q

4.
Which layer of the epidermis is present only in thick skin?
a. Stratum basale
b. Stratum spinosum
c. Stratum granulosum
d. Stratum lucidum
e. Stratum corneum

A

d. Stratum lucidum

87
Q

5.
Which cell is a mechanoreceptors?
a. Langerhans cell
b. Keratinocyte
c. Melanocyte
d. Merkel cell
e. Fibroblast

A

d. Merkel cell

88
Q

Which cell is found in the dermis?
a. Langerhans cell
b. Keratinocyte
c. Melanocyte
d. Merkel cell
e. Fibroblast

A

e. Fibroblast

89
Q

What is underneath the nail plate?
a. Lunula
b. Eponychium
c. Matrix
d. Nail bed
e. Root

A

d. Nail bed

The nail plate rests on the nail bed. The nail root is the proximal portion of the nail that is underneath skin.

90
Q

What is the innervation of an eccrine sweat gland?
a. Cholinergic; parasympathetic
b. Cholinergic; sympathetic
c. Adrenergic; parasympathetic
d. Adrenergic; sympathetic
e. Cholinergic; motor

A

b. Cholinergic; sympathetic

Eccrine sweat glands are innervated by the sympathetic nervous system. The neurotransmitter for the eccrine sweat glands is acetylcholine. Thus it is cholinergic.

91
Q

9.
Which of the following responds to continuous pressure?
a. Free nerve endings
b. Ruffini’s corpuscles
c. Pacinian corpuscles
d. Krause’s end bulbs
e. Meissner’s corpuscle

A

b. Ruffini’s corpuscles

Ruffini’s corpuscles respond to continuous pressure. Pacinian corpuscles respond to vibration and rapidly changing pressure.

92
Q

Which of the following is found in the hair follicle?
a. Pigment epithelium
b. Muller’s cells
c. Huxley’s layer
d. Horizontal cells
e. Cones

A

c. Huxley’s layer

93
Q

The reticular layer is part of which layer?
a. Epidermis
b. Dermis
c. Hypodermis
d. Both a and b
e. None of the above

A

b. Dermis

94
Q

Which of the following is NOT considered an epidermal appendage?
a. Sweat gland
b. Hair
c. Hypodermis
d. Nails
e. Sebaceous glands

A

c. Hypodermis

Sweat glands, hair, nails and sebaceous glands are all considered epidermal appendages. The hypodermis is not considered an epidermal appendage.

95
Q

Which layer of the epidermis is also called the stratum germinativum?
a. Stratum basale
b. Stratum spinosum
c. Stratum granulosum
d. Stratum lucidum
e. Stratum corneum

A

a. Stratum basale

The stratum basale contains the dividing cells. This layer is also called the stratum germinativum.

96
Q

Which layer of the epidermis is on the surface of the skin?
a. Stratum basale
b. Stratum spinosum
c. Stratum granulosum
d. Stratum lucidum
e. Stratum corneum

A

e. Stratum corneum

97
Q

Which cell is the most abundant cell in the epidermis?
a. Langerhans cell
b. Keratinocyte
c. Melanocyte
d. Merkel cell
e. Fibroblast

A

b. Keratinocyte

98
Q

6.
What type of epithelium forms the epidermis?
a. Simple squamous epithelium
b. Simple cuboidal epithelium
c. Simple columnar epithelium
d. Stratified squamous epithelium
e. Pseudostratified epithelium

A

d. Stratified squamous epithelium

99
Q

7.
What is the portion of the nail which is underneath skin?
a. Lunula
b. Eponychium
c. Matrix
d. Nail bed
e. Root

A

e. Root

100
Q

8.
What type of glands are the glands of Moll?
a. Endocrine gland
b. Apocrine sweat gland
c. Oil gland
d. Sebaceous glands
e. Eccrine sweat gland

A

b. Apocrine sweat gland

The glands of Moll in the eyelid are apocrine sweat glands.

101
Q

9.
Which of the following responds to vibration and rapidly changing pressure?
a. Free nerve endings
b. Ruffini’s corpuscles
c. Pacinian corpuscles
d. Krause’s end bulbs
e. Meissner’s corpuscle

A

c. Pacinian corpuscles

Pacinian corpuscles respond to vibration and rapidly changing pressure.

102
Q

Which of the following is a receptor for fine touch which is located in mucous membranes?
a. Free nerve endings
b. Ruffini’s corpuscles
c. Pacinian corpuscles
d. Krause’s end bulbs
e. Meissner’s corpuscle

A

d. Krause’s end bulbs

Krause’s end bulbs are a receptor for fine touch which are located in mucous membranes and the tongue.

103
Q

Which of the following is composed of stratified squamous epithelium?
a. Epidermis
b. Dermis
c. Hypodermis
d. Both a and b
e. Both b and c

A

a. Epidermis

104
Q

2.
Which of the following is NOT a function of skin
a. Vitamin D production
b. Protection from water loss
c. Sensory reception
d. Heat regulation
e. All are functions of skin

A

e. All are functions of skin

The skin is involved in the production of vitamin D from precursors with the aid of the sun. It protects the body from water loss. There are many sensory receptors in the skin: pain, pressure, fine touch. The skin is also involved in heat regulation. In addition, the skin protects the body.

105
Q

Which layer of the epidermis contains dividing cells?
a. Stratum basale
b. Stratum spinosum
c. Stratum granulosum
d. Stratum lucidum
e. Stratum corneum

A

a. Stratum basale

The stratum basale contains the dividing cells. This layer is also called the stratum germinativum.

106
Q

Which layer of the epidermis contains cells with no nuclei or organelles?
a. Stratum basale
b. Stratum spinosum
c. Stratum granulosum
d. Stratum lucidum
e. Stratum corneum

A

e. Stratum corneum

The stratum corneum is the outermost layer. The cells in this layer are essentially bags of keratin. They contain no nuclei or organelles.

107
Q

Which cell is a phagocyte?
a. Langerhans cell
b. Keratinocyte
c. Melanocyte
d. Merkel cell
e. Fibroblast

A

a. Langerhans cell

Langerhans cells, keratinocytes, melanocytes, and Merkel cells are all found in the epidermis.
The Langerhans cell is a phagocyte.

108
Q

What is a characteristic of the cells in the epidermis of the skin?
a. Microvilli
b. Stereocilia
c. Cilia
d. Keratinization
e. Both a and b

A

d. Keratinization

Keratinization is seen in the epidermis. Cells in the stratum corneum are essentially just bags of keratin.

109
Q

Where are apocrine sweat glands NOT found?
a. Areola
b. External genitalia
c. Posterior neck
d. Axilla
e. Circumanal region

A

c. Posterior neck

Sweat glands are divided into apocrine and eccrine.

Apocrine sweat glands are found on the
areola,
external genitalia,
axilla,
curcumanal region.

Eccrine sweat glands are distributed over most of the body.

110
Q

What is the innervation of an apocrine sweat gland?
a. Cholinergic; parasympathetic
b. Cholinergic; sympathetic
c. Adrenergic; parasympathetic
d. Adrenergic; sympathetic
e. Cholinergic; motor

A

d. Adrenergic; sympathetic

Apocrine sweat glands are innervated by the sympathetic nervous system.
The neurotransmitter for the apocrine sweat glands is norepinephrine.
Thus it is adrenergic.

111
Q

Which of the following is a receptor for fine touch which is located in the dermis?
a. Free nerve endings
b. Ruffini’s corpuscles
c. Pacinian corpuscles
d. Krause’s end bulbs
e. Meissner’s corpuscle

A

e. Meissner’s corpuscle

Meissner’s corpuscles are also a receptor for fine touch but they are located in the dermis.

112
Q

Which of the following is found in the hair follicle?
a. Henle’s layer
b. Bipolar cells
c. Amacrine cells
d. Rods
e. Ganglion cells

A

a. Henle’s layer

113
Q

The papillary layer is part of which layer?
a. Epidermis
b. Dermis
c. Hypodermis
d. Both a and b
e. None of the above

A

b. Dermis

114
Q

Which layer of the epidermis contains star shaped cells?
a. Stratum basale
b. Stratum spinosum
c. Stratum granulosum
d. Stratum lucidum
e. Stratum corneum

A

b. Stratum spinosum

The stratum spinosum consists of a layer several cells deep. The cells have pointy or spiny processes on them. The cells in the stratum granulosum contain keratohyaline granules.

115
Q

Which of the following layers comprise the skin?
a. Epidermis
b. Dermis
c. Hypodermis
d. Both a and b
e. Both b and c

A

d. Both a and b

116
Q

4.
Which cell is responsible for skin pigmentation?
a. Langerhans cell
b. Keratinocyte
c. Melanocyte
d. Merkel cell
e. Fibroblast

A

c. Melanocyte

117
Q

5.
Which of the following responds to pain?
a. Free nerve endings
b. Ruffini’s corpuscles
c. Pacinian corpuscles
d. Krause’s end bulbs
e. Meissner’s corpuscle

A

a. Free nerve endings

118
Q

6.
What is the correct term for cuticle?
a. Lunula
b. Eponychium
c. Matrix
d. Nail bed
e. Root

A

b. Eponychium

119
Q

7.
What color is keratin with Masson’s trichrome stain?
a. Red
b. Pink
c. Green
d. Black
e. Yellow

A

a. Red

120
Q

8.
What type of tissue makes up the dermis of the skin?
a. Mucous connective tissue
b. Mesenchyme
c. Loose irregular connective tissue
d. Dense irregular connective tissue
e. Dense regular connective tissue

A

d. Dense irregular connective tissue

Mesenchyme is embryonic connective tissue.

It is an undifferentiated tissue found in the embryo.

Mucous connective tissue is a type of embryonic connective tissue; it is a subset of mesenchyme.

Wharton’s jelly is mucous connective tissue.

Loose irregular connective tissue is areolar tissue.

Dense irregular connective tissue is seen in the dermis.

Dense regular connective tissue comprises tendons and ligaments.

121
Q

What are the pressure receptors in skin called?
a. Psammoma bodies
b. Corpora arenacea
c. Hassall’s corpuscles
d. Prostatic concretions
e. Pacinian corpuscles

A

e. Pacinian corpuscles

Psammoma bodies are collections of calcium. It is derived from the Greek word “psammos”, which means sand.

Corpora arenacea refers to the calcifications seen in the pineal gland. Corpora arenacea is nicknamed “brain sand”.

Hassall’s corpuscles are the ring like structures found in the thymus.

The spherical structures seen in some prostatic alveoli are called prostatic concretions.

Pacinian corpuscles are pressure receptors in the skin.

122
Q

Which sensory receptor in the skin is NOT encapsulated?
a. Ruffini endings
b. Free nerve endings
c. Pacinian corpuscles
d. Meissner’s corpuscles
e. Merkel cells

A

b. Free nerve endings

Ruffini endings, pacinian corpuscles, meissner’s corpuscles, are all encapsulated sensory receptors.

Free nerve endings, Merkel disc, Hair follicle receptor are Non-capsulated.

123
Q

7.
Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?
a. Metabolism of bilirubin
b. Deamination of amino acids
c. Storage of iron
d. Storage of copper
e. Storage of calcium

A

e. Storage of calcium

The storage site for calcium is in the bones.

HistoWorld (20 decks)

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