HistoWorld LE 5 (Urinary System)

Question 1

What is the glomerulus?
a. Afferent arteriole
b. Efferent arteriole
c. Capillary tuft
d. Peritubular capillaries
e. Vasa recta

Answer 1

c. Capillary tuft

The afferent arteriole branches off the interlobular artery.
The afferent arteriole supplies blood to the glomerulus.

The glomerulus is a capillary tuft.
The glomerular capillaries converge to form the efferent arteriole.

The peritubular capillaries is a second capillary network which arise after the efferent arteriole.
They surround the proximal tubule, loop of Henle, and distal tubule.

Vasa recta are the “straight vessels” which arise from some of the efferent arterioles.

Question 2

What is a renal pyramid and its associated cortex referred to?
a. Medulla
b. Lobe
c. Renal columns
d. Nephron
e. Medullary ray

Answer 2

b. Lobe

The kidney can be divided into an outer cortex and an inner medulla.
A kidney lobe consists of a medullary pyramid, its overlying cortex, and the associated renal column.

The renal columns are the tissue in between the pyramids.

The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.

A region where a portion of the medulla project into the renal cortex are referred to as medullary ray.

Question 3

Approximately how many nephrons are there in each kidney?
a. 1,000
b. 10,000
c. 100,000
d. 1,000,000
e. 10,000,000

Answer 3

d. 1,000,000

There are approximately one million (1,000,000) nephrons in each kidney. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.

Question 4

What is the Malpighian corpuscle?
a. Glomerulus
b. Bowman’s capsule
c. Renal corpuscle
d. Loop of Henle
e. Distal convoluted tubule

Answer 4

c. Renal corpuscle

The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron.

The nephron can be divided into the glomerulus and uriniferous tubule.

The capillary tuft of the nephron is referred to as the glomerulus.

Bowman’s capsule is a double layered cap surrounding the glomerulus.

This is the first portion of the uriniferous tubule. The glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule make up the renal corpuscle. Another term for the renal corpuscle is Malpighian corpuscle.

Bowman’s capsule leads to the proximal convoluted tubule. The proximal convoluted tubule leads to the loop of Henle. This then leads to the distal convoluted tubule. The distal convoluted tubule then leads to the collecting duct.

Question 5

What are the ducts of Bellini?
a. Collecting tubules
b. Distal convoluted tubule
c. Proximal convoluted tubule
d. Loop of Henle
e. Medullary ray

Answer 5

a. Collecting tubules

Large collecting tubules near the apex of the pyramid are the ducts of Bellini. The ducts of Bellini are also called a papillary ducts.

Question 6

What are the foot processes on podocytes?
a. Visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule
b. Parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule
c. Pedicels
d. Juxtaglomerular cells
e. Macula densa

Answer 6

c. Pedicels

The inner layer of Bowman’s capsule is the visceral layer. It consists of cells called podocytes.

The outer layer of Bowman’s capsule is the parietal layer. Pedicels are the foot processes on the podocytes.

The juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin.
The macula densa are specialized cells in the distal convoluted tubule that are sensitive to sodium.

The juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa make up the juxtaglomerular apparatus.

Question 7

What vessel is a branch of the interlobular artery?
a. Afferent arteriole
b. Efferent arteriole
c. Capillary tuft
d. Peritubular capillaries
e. Vasa recta

Answer 7

a. Afferent arteriole

The afferent arteriole branches off the interlobular artery. The afferent arteriole supplies blood to the glomerulus.

The glomerulus is a capillary tuft.
The glomerular capillaries converge to form the efferent arteriole.

The peritubular capillaries is a second capillary network which arise after the efferent arteriole.

They surround the proximal tubule, loop of Henle, and distal tubule.

Vasa recta are the “straight vessels” which arise from some of the efferent arterioles.

Question 8

What type of tissue lines the bladder?
a. Simple squamous epithelium
b. Simple cuboidal epithelium
c. Simple columnar epithelium
d. Stratified squamous epithelium
e. Transitional epithelium

Answer 8

e. Transitional epithelium

The lining of the bladder is transitional epithelium. Epithelium lines body cavities and surfaces.
There are domed shaped cells on the apical surface.

Question 9

What is the projection of the medulla into the renal cortex called?
a. Medulla
b. Lobe
c. Renal columns
d. Nephron
e. Medullary ray

Answer 9

e. Medullary ray

The kidney can be divided into an outer cortex and an inner medulla.
A kidney lobe consists of a medullary pyramid, its overlying cortex, and the associated renal column.

The renal columns are the tissue in between the pyramids. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.

A region where a portion of the medulla project into the renal cortex are referred to as medullary ray.

Question 10

What makes up the Juxtaglomerular apparatus?
a. Pedicels
b. Juxtaglomerular cells
c. Macula densa
d. Both a and b
e. Both b and c

Answer 10

e. Both b and c

The inner layer of Bowman’s capsule is the visceral layer. It consists of cells called podocytes.

The outer layer of Bowman’s capsule is the parietal layer. Pedicels are the foot processes on the podocytes.

The juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin.
The macula densa are specialized cells in the distal convoluted tubule that are sensitive to sodium.

The juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa make up the juxtaglomerular apparatus.

Question 11

What vessels arise from the efferent arteriole?
a. Afferent arteriole
b. Efferent arteriole
c. Capillary tuft
d. Peritubular capillaries
e. Vasa recta

Answer 11

d. Peritubular capillaries

The afferent arteriole branches off the interlobular artery. The afferent arteriole supplies blood to the glomerulus.

The glomerulus is a capillary tuft.
The glomerular capillaries converge to form the efferent arteriole.

The peritubular capillaries is a second capillary network which arise after the efferent arteriole.

They surround the proximal tubule, loop of Henle, and distal tubule.

Vasa recta are the “straight vessels” which arise from some of the efferent arterioles.

Question 12

Which structure does the proximal convoluted lead to?
a. Glomerulus
b. Bowman’s capsule
c. Renal corpuscle
d. Loop of Henle
e. Distal convoluted tubule

Answer 12

d. Loop of Henle

The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. The nephron can be divided into the glomerulus and uriniferous tubule.

The capillary tuft of the nephron is referred to as the glomerulus.

Bowman’s capsule is a double layered cap surrounding the glomerulus. This is the first portion of the uriniferous tubule.

The glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule make up the renal corpuscle. Another term for the renal corpuscle is Malpighian corpuscle.

Bowman’s capsule leads to the proximal convoluted tubule.

The proximal convoluted tubule leads to the loop of Henle. This then leads to the distal convoluted tubule.

The distal convoluted tubule then leads to the collecting duct.

Question 13

What is the correct term for the foot processes on podocytes?
a. Pedis
b. Pedicels
c. Pedalis
d. Pes
e. Pediocyte

Answer 13

b. Pedicels

The inner layer of Bowman’s capsule is the visceral layer. It consists of cells called podocytes.

Pedicels are the foot processes on the podocytes.

Note from Sarah Bellham: The Latin prefix pedalis, pes and pedis refers to the foot. Such words include pedal, pedicure, pedestrian and of course, the one we are all familiar with, the foot process on podocytes, which are pedicels.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidney?
a. Erythropoietin production
b. Vitamin D modification
c. Acid base balance
d. Aldosterone production
e. Renin production

Answer 14

d. Aldosterone production

The kidney is involved in several things, in addition to urine production.

Erythropoietin is produced in the kidney. Vitamin D is modified in the kidney, specifically, there is the addition of hydroxyl groups. The kidney plays an important role in acid base balance. Renin is produced in the kidney.

Aldosterone is produced in the adrenal gland.

Question 15

What is the space between the renal pyramids called?
a. Medulla
b. Lobe
c. Renal columns
d. Nephron
e. Medullary ray

Answer 15

c. Renal columns

The kidney can be divided into an outer cortex and an inner medulla.
A kidney lobe consists of a medullary pyramid, its overlying cortex, and the associated renal column.

The renal columns are the tissue in between the pyramids.

The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.

A region where a portion of the medulla project into the renal cortex are referred to as medullary ray.

Question 16

What is the capillary tuft of the nephron?
a. Glomerulus
b. Bowman’s capsule
c. Renal corpuscle
d. Loop of Henle
e. Distal convoluted tubule

Answer 16

a. Glomerulus

The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron.
The nephron can be divided into the glomerulus and uriniferous tubule.

The capillary tuft of the nephron is referred to as the glomerulus.
Bowman’s capsule is a double layered cap surrounding the glomerulus.

This is the first portion of the uriniferous tubule. The glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule make up the renal corpuscle. Another term for the renal corpuscle is Malpighian corpuscle.

Bowman’s capsule leads to the proximal convoluted tubule.
The proximal convoluted tubule leads to the loop of Henle.

This then leads to the distal convoluted tubule.
The distal convoluted tubule then leads to the collecting duct.

Question 17

What vessel supplies blood to the glomerulus?
a. Afferent arteriole
b. Efferent arteriole
c. Capillary tuft
d. Peritubular capillaries
e. Vasa recta

Answer 17

a. Afferent arteriole

The afferent arteriole branches off the interlobular artery. The afferent arteriole supplies blood to the glomerulus.

The glomerulus is a capillary tuft.
The glomerular capillaries converge to form the efferent arteriole.

The peritubular capillaries is a second capillary network which arise after the efferent arteriole.

They surround the proximal tubule, loop of Henle, and distal tubule.

Vasa recta are the “straight vessels” which arise from some of the efferent arterioles.

Question 18

What type of tissue composes the kidney tubules?
a. Simple squamous epithelium
b. Simple cuboidal epithelium
c. Simple columnar epithelium
d. Stratified squamous epithelium
e. Transitional epithelium

Answer 18

b. Simple cuboidal epithelium

The kidney tubules are simple cuboidal epithelium. Epithelium lines body cavities and surfaces.

Simple cuboidal epithelium is “simple” because it is one cell thick.
“Cuboidal” refers to the shape of the cells.

Question 19

Where is renin secreted from?
a. Visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule
b. Parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule
c. Pedicels
d. Juxtaglomerular cells
e. Macula densa

Answer 19

d. Juxtaglomerular cells

The inner layer of Bowman’s capsule is the visceral layer. It consists of cells called podocytes.

The outer layer of Bowman’s capsule is the parietal layer. Pedicels are the foot processes on the podocytes.

The juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin.
The macula densa are specialized cells in the distal convoluted tubule that are sensitive to sodium.

The juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa make up the juxtaglomerular apparatus.

Question 20

What are the “straight vessels”?
a. Afferent arteriole
b. Efferent arteriole
c. Capillary tuft
d. Peritubular capillaries
e. Vasa recta

Answer 20

e. Vasa recta

The afferent arteriole branches off the interlobular artery. The afferent arteriole supplies blood to the glomerulus.

The glomerulus is a capillary tuft.
The glomerular capillaries converge to form the efferent arteriole.

The peritubular capillaries is a second capillary network which arise after the efferent arteriole.

They surround the proximal tubule, loop of Henle, and distal tubule.

Vasa recta are the “straight vessels” which arise from some of the efferent arterioles.

Question 21

What is the inner region of the kidney called?
a. Medulla
b. Lobe
c. Renal columns
d. Nephron
e. Medullary ray

Answer 21

a. Medulla

The kidney can be divided into an outer cortex and an inner medulla.

A kidney lobe consists of a medullary pyramid, its overlying cortex, and the associated renal column.

The renal columns are the tissue in between the pyramids.

The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.

A region where a portion of the medulla project into the renal cortex are referred to as medullary ray.

Question 22

What is the double layered cap on the glomerulus?
a. Glomerulus
b. Bowman’s capsule
c. Renal corpuscle
d. Loop of Henle
e. Distal convoluted tubule

Answer 22

b. Bowman’s capsule

The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. The nephron can be divided into the glomerulus and uriniferous tubule.

The capillary tuft of the nephron is referred to as the glomerulus.

Bowman’s capsule is a double layered cap surrounding the glomerulus.

This is the first portion of the uriniferous tubule. The glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule make up the renal corpuscle. Another term for the renal corpuscle is Malpighian corpuscle.

Bowman’s capsule leads to the proximal convoluted tubule. The proximal convoluted tubule leads to the loop of Henle.

This then leads to the distal convoluted tubule. The distal convoluted tubule then leads to the collecting duct.

Question 23

Where are podocytes seen?
a. Visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule
b. Parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule
c. Pedicels
d. Juxtaglomerular cells
e. Macula densa

Answer 23

a. Visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule

The inner layer of Bowman’s capsule is the visceral layer. It consists of cells called podocytes. The outer layer of Bowman’s capsule is the parietal layer. Pedicels are the foot processes on the podocytes. The juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin. The macula densa are specialized cells in the distal convoluted tubule that are sensitive to sodium. The juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa make up the juxtaglomerular apparatus.

Question 24

What vessel is formed from an aggregation of the glomerular capillaries?
a. Afferent arteriole
b. Efferent arteriole
c. Capillary tuft
d. Peritubular capillaries
e. Vasa recta

Answer 24

b. Efferent arteriole

The afferent arteriole branches off the interlobular artery. The afferent arteriole supplies blood to the glomerulus. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft. The glomerular capillaries converge to form the efferent arteriole. The peritubular capillaries is a second capillary network which arise after the efferent arteriole. They surround the proximal tubule, loop of Henle, and distal tubule. Vasa recta are the “straight vessels” which arise from some of the efferent arterioles.

Question 25

What is the functional unit of the kidney?
a. Medulla
b. Lobe
c. Renal columns
d. Nephron
e. Medullary ray

Answer 25

d. Nephron

The kidney can be divided into an outer cortex and an inner medulla. A kidney lobe consists of a medullary pyramid, its overlying cortex, and the associated renal column. The renal columns are the tissue in between the pyramids. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. A region where a portion of the medulla project into the renal cortex are referred to as medullary ray.

Question 26

Which structure leads to the collecting duct?
a. Glomerulus
b. Bowman’s capsule
c. Renal corpuscle
d. Loop of Henle
e. Distal convoluted tubule

Answer 26

e. Distal convoluted tubule

The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. The nephron can be divided into the glomerulus and uriniferous tubule. The capillary tuft of the nephron is referred to as the glomerulus. Bowman’s capsule is a double layered cap surrounding the glomerulus. This is the first portion of the uriniferous tubule. The glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule make up the renal corpuscle. Another term for the renal corpuscle is Malpighian corpuscle.

Bowman’s capsule leads to the proximal convoluted tubule. The proximal convoluted tubule leads to the loop of Henle. This then leads to the distal convoluted tubule. The distal convoluted tubule then leads to the collecting duct.

Question 27

What cells are sensitive to sodium concentration?
a. Visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule
b. Parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule
c. Pedicels
d. Juxtaglomerular cells
e. Macula densa

Answer 27

e. Macula densa

The inner layer of Bowman’s capsule is the visceral layer. It consists of cells called podocytes. The outer layer of Bowman’s capsule is the parietal layer. Pedicels are the foot processes on the podocytes. The juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin. The macula densa are specialized cells in the distal convoluted tubule that are sensitive to sodium. The juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa make up the juxtaglomerular apparatus.