HistoWorld (Blood) Flashcards
At what level of the vascular tree does gas exchange occur?
a. Capillary
b. Arteriole
c. Venule
d. Elastic artery
e. Muscular artery
a. Capillary
Capillaries are very thin walled in order to easily allow the exchange of gases. Gaseous exchange between the blood and tissues occurs at the level of the capillaries.
Arterioles are small branches of arteries with only one or two layers of smooth muscle in the tunica media. Arterioles regulate the amount of blood going into the capillary bed.
Venules are small branches of veins.
Elastic arteries are the arteries leaving the heart and the major branches. The aorta is an elastic artery.
Most of the named arteries are muscular arteries (with the exception of the aorta and the major branches off the aorta). The dividing line between elastic arteries and muscular arteries is not clear cut. However, a pronounced internal elastic membrane and external elastic membrane are distinguishing characteristics of muscular arteries.
Histology hint from Sarah Bellham: Elastic arteries also have an internal elastic membrane. However, there is so much elastic material in the tunica intima of an elastic artery, that a single, discrete internal elastic membrane is not visible.
Which layer in an artery is primarily skeletal muscle?
a. Tunica intima
b. Tunica media
c. Tunica externa
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
e. None of the above
The tunica intima is the innermost layer of a blood vessel. It is lined by endothelium
The tunica media is the middle layer of a blood vessel. The tunica media is primarily smooth muscle.
The tunica externa or tunica adventitia is the outer layer of a blood vessel. In large vessels, the tunica adventitia contains vasa vasorum (blood vessels) and nervi vascularis (nerves).
Which of the following is NOT a distinguishing feature between larger veins and arteries?
a. Veins have valves whereas arteries do not have valves
b. The tunics in veins are not as clearly delimited as are the tunics in arteries
c. The walls in veins are thinner than the walls in arteries
d. The lumen of a vein is smaller than the lumen of an artery
e. None. All of the above are true
d. The lumen of a vein is smaller than the lumen of an artery
Veins have valves whereas arteries do not have valves. The tunics in veins are
not as clearly delimited as are the tunics in arteries. The walls in veins are
thinner than the walls in arteries. The lumen of a vein is larger than the lumen of
an artery.
In which structure are things moved across the epithelium via pinocytotic vesicles?
a. Continuous capillaries
b. Fenestrated capillaries
c. Sinusoidal capillaries
d. AV anastomoses
e. Venous sinus
a. Continuous capillaries
A characteristic of continuous capillaries is that things are transported across the epithelium via pinocytotic vesicles.
A characteristic of fenestrated capillaries is the presence of pores or fenestrae.
Sinusoidal capillaries (sinusoids) are wide leaky capillaries. They are found in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow.
An arteriovenous anastomoses (AV anastomoses or AV shunt) is a direct route between arteries and veins. It bypasses the capillary bed.
A venous sinus is a venous space lined by endothelium. A venous sinus surrounding the brain exists which is called the dural sinus.
What is a thoroughfare which is a an intermediate between an arteriole and capillary?
a. Metcapillary
b. Metartery
c. Metvenule
d. Metarteriole
e. None of the above
d. Metarteriole
A metarteriole is a thoroughfare that can be considered an intermediate between an arteriole and capillary is a metarteriole.
Which layer in an artery contains the endothelium?
a. Tunica intima
b. Tunica media
c. Tunica externa
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
a. Tunica intima
The tunica intima is the innermost layer of a blood vessel. It is lined by endothelium
The tunica media is the middle layer of a blood vessel. The tunica media is primarily smooth muscle.
The tunica externa or tunica adventitia is the outer layer of a blood vessel. In large vessels, the tunica adventitia contains vasa vasorum (blood vessels) and nervi vascularis (nerves).
What do you call the simple squamous epithelium that lines the blood vessels?
a. Epithelioid tissue
b. Mesothelium
c. Endothelium
d. Transitional
e. Pseudostratified
c. Endothelium
Epithelial tissue has cells that are very tightly packed together. There is always a free surface associated with epithelial tissue. If a tissue is composed of a conglomeration of cells in tightly packed together, but it does not have a free surface, the tissue is called epithelioid tissue. An example of epithelioid tissue is the parenchyma of the adrenal gland.
Mesothelium is simple squamous epithelium that lines the abdominal cavity, the pericardial cavity, and the thoracic cavity.
Endothelium is simple squamous epithelium that lines the vascular system.
Transitional epithelium is seen in the urinary tract. Transitional epithelium has dome shaped cells on the apical surface.
Pseudostratified epithelium is a type of epithelium that has cells which all touch the basement membrane. Pseudostratified epithelium is only one cell layer thick. Pseudostratified epithelium appears stratified, but it is not really stratified. Thus the name. The prefix “pseudo” means false, such as pseudonym or pseudo-science.
In which of the following is a portal system NOT found?
a. Kidney
b. Liver
c. Muscle
d. Brain
e. None of the above is correct; a portal system is found in all of the above
c. Muscle
The normal flow of blood is as follows: artery - arteriole - capillary - post capillary venule -vein. However, exceptions to this pattern of blood flow exist.
The phenomenon when a vein is between two capillary beds is called a venous portal system. An example of this is the hepatic portal system. Another example of a venous portal system is seen in the brain between the hypothalamus and pituitary.
The phenomenon when an arteriole is between two capillary beds is called an arterial portal system. This is seen in the kidney.
What is the brachial artery?
a. Capillary
b. Arteriole
c. Venule
d. Elastic artery
e. Muscular artery
e. Muscular artery
Capillaries are very thin walled in order to easily allow the exchange of gases. Gaseous exchange between the blood and tissues occurs at the level of the capillaries.
Arterioles are small branches of arteries with only one or two layers of smooth muscle in the tunica media. Arterioles regulate the amount of blood going into the capillary bed.
Venules are small branches of veins.
Elastic arteries are the arteries leaving the heart and the major branches. The aorta is an elastic artery.
Most of the named arteries are muscular arteries (with the exception of the aorta and the major branches off the aorta). The dividing line between elastic arteries and muscular arteries is not clear cut. However, a pronounced internal elastic membrane and external elastic membrane are distinguishing characteristics of muscular arteries.
Histology hint from Sarah Bellham: Elastic arteries also have an internal elastic membrane. However, there is so much elastic material in the tunica intima of an elastic artery, that a single, discrete internal elastic membrane is not visible.
Which of the following is a distinct structure found specifically in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow?
a. Continuous capillaries
b. Fenestrated capillaries
c. Sinusoidal capillaries
d. AV anastomoses
e. Venous sinus
c. Sinusoidal capillaries
A characteristic of continuous capillaries is that things are transported across the epithelium via pinocytotic vesicles.
A characteristic of fenestrated capillaries is the presence of pores or fenestrae.
Sinusoidal capillaries (sinusoids) are wide leaky capillaries. They are found in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow.
An arteriovenous anastomoses (AV anastomoses or AV shunt) is a direct route between arteries and veins. It bypasses the capillary bed.
A venous sinus is a venous space lined by endothelium. A venous sinus surrounding the brain exists which is called the dural sinus.
Which layer in an artery is primarily smooth muscle?
a. Tunica intima
b. Tunica media
c. Tunica externa
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
b. Tunica media
The tunica intima is the innermost layer of a blood vessel. It is lined by endothelium
The tunica media is the middle layer of a blood vessel. The tunica media is primarily smooth muscle.
The tunica externa or tunica adventitia is the outer layer of a blood vessel. In large vessels, the tunica adventitia contains vasa vasorum (blood vessels) and nervi vascularis (nerves).
A pronounced internal elastic membrane and external elastic membrane are distinguishing characteristics of which type of vessel?
a. Capillary
b. Arteriole
c. Venule
d. Elastic artery
e. Muscular artery
e. Muscular artery
Capillaries are very thin walled in order to easily allow the exchange of gases. Gaseous exchange between the blood and tissues occurs at the level of the capillaries.
Arterioles are small branches of arteries with only one or two layers of smooth muscle in the tunica media. Arterioles regulate the amount of blood going into the capillary bed.
Venules are small branches of veins.
Elastic arteries are the arteries leaving the heart and the major branches. The aorta is an elastic artery.
Most of the named arteries are muscular arteries (with the exception of the aorta and the major branches off the aorta). The dividing line between elastic arteries and muscular arteries is not clear cut. However, a pronounced internal elastic membrane and external elastic membrane are distinguishing characteristics of muscular arteries.
Histology hint from Sarah Bellham: Elastic arteries also have an internal elastic membrane. However, there is so much elastic material in the tunica intima of an elastic artery, that a single, discrete internal elastic membrane is not visible.
Which of the following constitutes the microvascular bed of a tissue?
a. Capillaries
b. Capillaries and arterioles
c. Capillaries, arterioles, and post capillary venules
d. Capillaries, arterioles, post capillary venules, and veins
e. Capillaries, arterioles, post capillary venules, veins, and arteries
c. Capillaries, arterioles, and post capillary venules
Capillaries, arterioles, and post capillary venules make up the microvascular bed of a tissue.
What are wide, leaky capillaries called?
a. Continuous capillaries
b. Fenestrated capillaries
c. Sinusoidal capillaries
d. AV anastomoses
e. Venous sinus
c. Sinusoidal capillaries
A characteristic of continuous capillaries is that things are transported across the epithelium via pinocytotic vesicles.
A characteristic of fenestrated capillaries is the presence of pores or fenestrae.
Sinusoidal capillaries (sinusoids) are wide leaky capillaries. They are found in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow.
An arteriovenous anastomoses (AV anastomoses or AV shunt) is a direct route between arteries and veins. It bypasses the capillary bed.
A venous sinus is a venous space lined by endothelium. A venous sinus surrounding the brain exists which is called the dural sinus.
What is a direct route between arteries and veins called?
a. Continuous capillaries
b. Fenestrated capillaries
c. Sinusoidal capillaries
d. AV anastomoses
e. Venous sinus
d. AV anastomoses
A characteristic of continuous capillaries is that things are transported across the epithelium via pinocytotic vesicles.
A characteristic of fenestrated capillaries is the presence of pores or fenestrae.
Sinusoidal capillaries (sinusoids) are wide leaky capillaries. They are found in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow.
An arteriovenous anastomoses (AV anastomoses or AV shunt) is a direct route between arteries and veins. It bypasses the capillary bed.
A venous sinus is a venous space lined by endothelium. A venous sinus surrounding the brain exists which is called the dural sinus.
Which layer in an elastic artery is the largest thickest?
a. Tunica intima
b. Tunica albuginea
c. Tunica externa
d. Tunica vaculosa
e. Tunica media
e. Tunica media
In an elastic artery, the tunica media is the thickest.
In which of the following is an arterial portal system found?
a. Kidney
b. Liver
c. Muscle
d. Brain
e. Stomach
a. Kidney
The normal flow of blood is as follows: artery - arteriole - capillary - post capillary venule -vein. However, exceptions to this pattern of blood flow exist.
The phenomenon when a vein is between two capillary beds is called a venous portal system. An example of this is the hepatic portal system. Another example of a venous portal system is seen in the brain between the hypothalamus and pituitary.
The phenomenon when an arteriole is between two capillary beds is called an arterial portal system. This is seen in the kidney.
What are vasa vasorum?
a. Vasoactive material
b. Valves
c. Vasopressin secreting cells
d. Nerves
e. Blood vessels
e. Blood vessels
Vasa vasorum are the blood vessels of the blood vessels. These are the vessels which supply the vessel wall.
Which structure has only a few layers of muscle in the tunica media?
a. Capillary
b. Arteriole
c. Elastic artery
d. Muscular artery
b. Arteriole
The tunica media is the middle layer of a blood vessel. The tunica media is primarily smooth muscle.
Which layer in a large vessel contains the nervi vascularis?
a. Tunica intima
b. Tunica media
c. Tunica externa
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
c. Tunica externa/adventitia
The tunica intima is the innermost layer of a blood vessel. It is lined by endothelium
The tunica media is the middle layer of a blood vessel. The tunica media is primarily smooth muscle.
The tunica externa or tunica adventitia is the outer layer of a blood vessel. In large vessels, the tunica adventitia contains vasa vasorum (blood vessels) and nervi vascularis (nerves).
What vessel regulates the amount of blood going into a capillary bed?
a. Capillary
b. Arteriole
c. Venule
d. Elastic artery
e. Muscular artery
b. Arteriole
Capillaries are very thin walled in order to easily allow the exchange of gases. Gaseous exchange between the blood and tissues occurs at the level of the capillaries.
Arterioles are small branches of arteries with only one or two layers of smooth muscle in the tunica media. Arterioles regulate the amount of blood going into the capillary bed.
Venules are small branches of veins.
Elastic arteries are the arteries leaving the heart and the major branches. The aorta is an elastic artery.
Most of the named arteries are muscular arteries (with the exception of the aorta and the major branches off the aorta). The dividing line between elastic arteries and muscular arteries is not clear cut. However, a pronounced internal elastic membrane and external elastic membrane are distinguishing characteristics of muscular arteries.
Histology hint from Sarah Bellham: Elastic arteries also have an internal elastic membrane. However, there is so much elastic material in the tunica intima of an elastic artery, that a single, discrete internal elastic membrane is not visible.
What is the aorta?
a. Capillary
b. Arteriole
c. Venule
d. Elastic artery
e. Muscular artery
d. Elastic artery
Capillaries are very thin walled in order to easily allow the exchange of gases. Gaseous exchange between the blood and tissues occurs at the level of the capillaries.
Arterioles are small branches of arteries with only one or two layers of smooth muscle in the tunica media. Arterioles regulate the amount of blood going into the capillary bed.
Venules are small branches of veins.
Elastic arteries are the arteries leaving the heart and the major branches. The aorta is an elastic artery.
Most of the named arteries are muscular arteries (with the exception of the aorta and the major branches off the aorta). The dividing line between elastic arteries and muscular arteries is not clear cut. However, a pronounced internal elastic membrane and external elastic membrane are distinguishing characteristics of muscular arteries.
Histology hint from Sarah Bellham: Elastic arteries also have an internal elastic membrane. However, there is so much elastic material in the tunica intima of an elastic artery, that a single, discrete internal elastic membrane is not visible.
What are most of the named arteries in the body?
a. Capillary
b. Arteriole
c. Venule
d. Elastic artery
e. Muscular artery
e. Muscular artery
Capillaries are very thin walled in order to easily allow the exchange of gases. Gaseous exchange between the blood and tissues occurs at the level of the capillaries.
Arterioles are small branches of arteries with only one or two layers of smooth muscle in the tunica media. Arterioles regulate the amount of blood going into the capillary bed.
Venules are small branches of veins.
Elastic arteries are the arteries leaving the heart and the major branches. The aorta is an elastic artery.
Most of the named arteries are muscular arteries (with the exception of the aorta and the major branches off the aorta). The dividing line between elastic arteries and muscular arteries is not clear cut. However, a pronounced internal elastic membrane and external elastic membrane are distinguishing characteristics of muscular arteries.
Histology hint from Sarah Bellham: Elastic arteries also have an internal elastic membrane. However, there is so much elastic material in the tunica intima of an elastic artery, that a single, discrete internal elastic membrane is not visible.
What is the buffy coat?
a. Leukocytes
b. Platelets
c. Erythrocytes
d. Plasma
e. Both a and b
e. Both a and b
The buffy coat is seen in a sample of centrifuged blood. It is the thin layer above the red blood cells, but below the plasma. It consists of the leukocytes and platelets.
What comes from a megakaryocyte?
a. Lymphocytes
b. Basophils
c. Erythrocytes
d. Monocytes
e. Platelets
e. Platelets
Platelets are cell fragments. They are fragments from megakaryocytes within the bone marrow.
Histology hint from Sarah Bellham: The prefix “mega” is from the Greek “megas” which means great or big. For example: megaphone, megalomaniac, megabyte, and megakaryocyte.
Which cell has large blue granules, often obscuring the nucleus?
a. Neutrophil
b. Lymphocytes
c. Monocytes
d. Eosinophil
e. Basophils
e. Basophils
The leukocytes consist of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils.
Neutrophils are granulocytes. Neutrophils have a multi-lobed nucleus. The lobes are separated by a thin strand. Because of the shape of the nucleus, neutrophils are also called “polymorphonuclear neutrophils”, “poly’s”, “PMN”, or “polymorph”.
Lymphocytes are agranulocytes. Lymphocytes can be categorized by three sizes: small, medium, and large. The small lymphocytes are the smallest leukocyte, being only slightly larger than an erythrocyte.
Monocytes are agranulocytes. They are the largest leukocyte.
Eosinophils are granulocytes. Eosinophils have prominent orange pink granules. The nucleus of eosinophils is usually bi-lobed.
Basophils are granulocytes. Basophils have large blue granules, which often obscure the nucleus. The granules are basophilic, therefore they are blue.
