Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

N108 US History to 1900 Honors > HistoryMidtermKeyTermsDunbar > Flashcards

HistoryMidtermKeyTermsDunbar Flashcards

from Mr. Tier's Quizlet group, created by Mrs. Dunbar

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® U.S. History flashcards World History 101 flashcards European History 101 flashcards AP® European History flashcards AP® World History flashcards World History 102 flashcards U.S. Geography flashcards U.S. History 101 flashcards U.S. History 102 flashcards
1
Q

archaeology

A

study of ancient peoples

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

artifact

A

item left behind by early people that represents their culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Beringia

A

land bridge connecting Asia and Alaska that was exposed during the last Ice Age; crossed by first Americans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

hunter-gatherer

A

people who hunted animals and gathered wild plants to survive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

nomad

A

people who move from place to place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

migration

A

movement of a large number of people into a new homeland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

agriculture

A

farming; resulted in more permanent settlements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Agricultural Revolution

A

shift from hunting & gathering to farming; increase in food led to an increase in population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Olmec

A

known as the earliest civilization in Central America

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Maya

A

known for knowledge of math & astronomy; used hieroglyphics & 365 day calendar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

theocracy

A

society ruled by religious leaders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

hieroglyphics

A

form of writing using pictures & symbols

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Aztecs

A

known for waging war to gain captives for human sacrifice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Inca

A

largest early American civilization; built 10,000 miles of roads, had a powerful army, & cut terraces in steep slopes to farm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Inuit

A

people who settled in the northernmost part of North America, in lands around the Arctic Ocean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

igloo

A

low-lying structure of snow blocks; home of Inuit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

pueblos

A

villages; apartment-like buildings made of stone & sun-dried earth called adobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

tepee

A

cone-shaped skin tent that could be moved from place to place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Marco Polo

A

wrote about his trip to China in his book, Travels, which 200 years later inspired Columbus to find a new sea route to Asia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

astrolabe

A

used by sailors to determine latitude by measuring the position of the stars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

compass

A

used by sailors to determine their direction; magnetized needle that points north-south

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

caravel

A

maneuverable Portuguese ship that was fast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Ferdinand & Isabella

A

King & Queen of Spain, needed a way to Asia since Italy controlled the east-west route & Portugal controlled the south-east route; desired to spread Christianity & search for gold; funded Columbus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

1492

A

year Ferdinand & Isabella expelled the Muslims from Spain, thus allowing them to fund Columbus; year Columbus set sail for Asia; year Columbus unknowingly reached the Americas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Christopher Columbus

A

Italian sea captain who wanted to discover a new route to Asia; miscalculated/underestimated the size of the earth; set sail in 1492; landed on an island of the present-day Bahamas; believed he reached “the Indies,” or Asia, so called the natives “Indians”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Nina, Pinta, & Santa Maria

A

Columbus’s ships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Hernan Cortes

A

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec capital with less than 600 men (1519-1521)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

encomienda

A

system of rewarding conquistadors with tracts of land & the right to tax & demand labor from Native Americans living on the land

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Francisco Pizarro

A

Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incan empire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

mercantilism

A

economic theory that a nation’s power is based on its wealth; belief that a nation gains wealth by accumulating gold & silver & by maintaining a favorable balance of trade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

favorable balance of trade

A

when a nation exports more than it imports

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Northwest Passage

A

direct water route to Asia through North America sought by European explorers, but that did not exist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Columbian Exchange

A

exchange of food, animals, goods, & disease across the Atlantic Ocean & between the Americas, Europe, Asia, & Africa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Sir Francis Drake

A

English adventurer who was honored by Queen Elizabeth after he attacked Spanish ships & ports

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Spanish Armada

A

Spain’s fleet of warships that was defeated by England; its defeat marked the end of Spanish control of the seas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Jamestown, Virginia

A

First permanent English settlement in North America

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Puritans

A

Protestants who wanted to reform the Church of England (a.k.a. Anglican Church) of all Catholic rituals & traditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Separatists

A

Protestants who wanted to leave the Church of England (a.k.a. Anglican Church) & set up their own churches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Pilgrims

A

Separatists, including 35 men, women, & children, who initially fled to the Netherlands to escape religious persecution in England, but found little work; sailed on the Mayflower & settled in Plymouth, Massachusetts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Mayflower

A

ship Pilgrims sailed on to reach Plymouth, Massachusetts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Mayflower Compact

A

a formal document, written in 1620 aboard the Mayflower, that provided law & order to Plymouth colony; a necessary step in the development of representative government in the new colonies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

William Penn

A

a wealthy English Quaker who received land as payment for a debt that King Charles II owed to Penn’s father, Admiral William Penn; Founded Pennsylvania in 1681 as a safe-haven for Quakers & as a “Holy Experiment”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Quakers

A

Protestants; a.k.a. Society of Friends; guided by their own “Inner Light”; against rank & outward show; believed in religious toleration, equality, & freedom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

pacifist

A

people against force, violence, & war

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

indentured servant

A

laborer who agreed to work without pay for a certain period of time in exchange for passage to America

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

John Smith

A

founder of Jamestown who forced the settlers to work, explored the area, and sought corn from the Native Americans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

colony

A

a group of people who settle far from home but who remain connected to the parent country

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion

A

rebellion by a young planter in western Virginia against the colonial government who agreed to prevent colonists from settling on Native American land; showed that settlers would not be limited to the coast and opened up more land for settlement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

subsistence farming

A

farming that produces just enough to feed one’s family

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

triangular trade

A

trade between Britain, Africa, & American colonies that formed a triangle to benefit Britain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Middle Passage

A

part of the Triangular Trade when enslaved Africans were shipped to the Americas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

cash crop

A

farm crop raised to be sold for money

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

import

A

buy from abroad (bring in)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Enlightenment

A

began in Europe & based on the idea that knowledge, reason, & science could improve society; influenced colonists in the mid-1700s & led to an increased interest in science

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Benjamin Franklin

A

best-known American scientist of the Enlightenment

56
Q

George Washington

A

Virginian land surveyor made lieutenant colonel sent to tell the French to leave the Ohio River Valley; defeated by the French at Fort Necessity

57
Q

Albany Plan of Union

A

Ben Franklin’s plan for a united colonial government against the French; turned down by the colonies because no colony was willing to give up any of its power

58
Q

French & Indian War

A

war fought between Britain and France for control of the Ohio River Valley; spread to Europe as the Seven Years’ War

59
Q

Ohio River Valley

A

present-day Pittsburgh; an important center for trade and land investors

60
Q

Treaty of Paris (1763)

A

(1763) ended the French and Indian War and forced France to give Canada and most of its lands east of the Mississippi River to Britain

61
Q

Pontiac’s War

A

1763 rebellion led by Chief Pontiac against the settlers along the PA and VA frontiers; ended in Pontiac’s defeat, but led to Proclamation of 1763

62
Q

Proclamation of 1763

A

reserved land west of the Appalachians for Native Americans and forbade white settlement there; angered colonists who wanted to expand westward

63
Q

Reasons for the Proclamation of 1763

A

To avoid conflict with Native Americans on the frontier; to keep the colonists near the east coast for trading; to allow Britain to control the fur trade in the frontier

64
Q

Problem with winning the French and Indian War

A

Britain was left with a huge debt from the French and Indian War and needed revenue to pay off the debt. Britain issued new taxes on the colonies to pay off this debt.

65
Q

Writs of Assistance

A

Legal documents allowing customs officers to enter any location to search for smuggled goods (similar to search warrants)

66
Q

Reason for the Writs of Assistance

A

Colonial merchants were smuggling goods to avoid paying high prices and taxes to Britain.

67
Q

No Taxation Without Representation

A

Parliament taxed colonists without their consent or representation in Parliament

68
Q

Stamp Act

A

Tax on almost all printed material including newspapers, wills, playing cards. All printed material had to have an official stamp on it once the tax was paid.

69
Q

Colonial Reaction to Stamp Act

A

Colonists opposed because Parliament interfered in colonial affairs with a direct tax and it taxed colonists without their consent

70
Q

Sons of Liberty

A

Groups that formed in the colonies to protest the acts passed by Parliament. Burned effigies and destroyed houses of royal officials.

71
Q

Nonimportation agreements

A

Pledges signed by colonial merchants stating they would not buy or use goods imported from Britain. Hurt the British merchants because they were losing business.

72
Q

Townshend Acts

A

Set of laws passed by Parliament applying tax to imported goods such as glass, tea, and paper with the tax being paid at the port of entry.

73
Q

Boston Massacre

A

Fight between Bostonians and British soldiers in front of the customhouse (where British taxes were collected) due to the increasing tension between colonists and opposition to the laws passed on them by Parliament.

74
Q

Result of the Boston Massacre

A

5 colonists were shot and killed. The event was used as propaganda to rally opposition to the British presence in Boston and the colonies.

75
Q

Propaganda

A

Information used to influence public opinion. Ex. Paul Revere’s Patriot engraving of the Boston Massacre showing troops firing on an orderly crowd.

76
Q

Tea Act

A

Law allowing the British East Indian Company to have sole control, a monopoly, of the trade for tea in America. Let the company sell tea directly to shopkeepers and bypass colonial merchants who normally distributed the tea.

77
Q

Resistance to the Tea Act

A

Colonists forced ships carrying tea to turn back to England at several colonial ports like New York and Philadelphia. At Boston, the ships stayed resulting in the Boston Tea Party.

78
Q

Boston Tea Party

A

The Boston Sons of Liberty organized the event to protest the Tea Act. Men disguised as Native Americans boarded three ships carrying tea from Britain and threw 342 chests overboard into Boston Harbor.

79
Q

Intolerable Acts

A

Also known as the Coercive Acts. Harsh laws passed by Parliament intended to punish the people of Massachusetts for their resistance to British law and isolate Boston. Closed Boston Harbor until the Massachusetts colonists paid for the ruined tea. Banned most town meetings in New England. Forced Bostonians to shelter soldiers in their own homes.

80
Q

Colonial response to the Intolerable Acts

A

Colonists believed the acts violated their rights as British citizens and the other colonies sent food and clothing to support Boston.

81
Q

Coercive Acts

A

Also known as the Intolerable Acts. Harsh laws passed by Parliament intended to punish the people of Massachusetts for their resistance to British law and isolate Boston. Closed Boston Harbor until the Massachusetts colonists paid for the ruined tea. Banned most town meetings in New England. Forced Bostonians to shelter soldiers in their own homes.

82
Q

First Continental Congress

A

Meeting of 55 delegates from all colonies (except Georgia) in Philadelphia to establish a political body to represent American interests and challenge British control. Drafted a statement calling for the repeal of 13 acts of Parliament believing the laws violated the principles of English constitution and their rights as British citizens. Voted to boycott British trade all together. Also asked the colonists to arm themselves against the British.

83
Q

Lexington, Massachusetts

A

Location where the British troops met 70 minutemen who were alerted by Revere and Dawes. A shot was fired and after an exchange of bullets, 8 minutemen lay dead.

84
Q

Concord, Massachusetts

A

Location where a colonial arsenal of weapons was located. The weapons were moved before the British arrived. Shots were exchanged at Concord’s North Bridge to trigger the British retreat back to Boston.

85
Q

British retreat back to Boston

A

Colonial militia lined the road from Concord to Boston, MA. As the British marched down the road, the militia fired and the British troops suffered over 200 casualties.

86
Q

Shot heard ‘round the world

A

First shot fired of the Revolutionary War at Lexington, MA. It is unknown which side fired the first shot.

87
Q

Loyalists

A

Colonists who chose to remain loyal to Britain because they did not consider unfair taxes and regulations good reasons for rebellion.

88
Q

Patriots

A

Colonists who supported the war for independence believing the British rule was unbearable.

89
Q

Second Continental Congress

A

Meeting of delegates from the colonies in Philadelphia who began to govern the colonies. Authorized the printing of money, set up a post office, established committees to communicate with Native Americans and other countries, and created the Continental Army.

90
Q

Thomas Jefferson

A

Representative from Virginia to the 2nd Continental Congress. Main author of the Declaration of Independence using the idea that people were born with certain natural rights.

91
Q

Continental Army

A

Created by the 2nd Continental Congress to fight against Britain in a more organized way than colonial militias could.

92
Q

George Washington

A

Chosen unanimously by the 2nd Continental Congress to become the commander of the Continental Army.

93
Q

Common Sense

A

Written by Thomas Paine; called for complete independence

94
Q

Declaration of Independence

A

Document drafted by a committee of 5 members of the 2nd Continental Congress. Stated the colonists’ rights as citizens, problems with British rule over the colonies and that they were now a separate nation.

95
Q

07/04/76

A

Date the Declaration of Independence was approved by the 2nd Continental Congress.

96
Q

Preamble

A

Introduction to the Declaration of Independence stating that people who wish to form a new country should explain why.

97
Q

Declaration of Rights

A

Part of the Declaration of Independence stating the rights the colonists believed they should have.

98
Q

Grievances against the King and Parliament

A

Part of the Declaration of Independence stating the complaints the colonists have against Britain such as imposing taxes on the colonists without their consent.

99
Q

Resolution of Independence

A

Part of the Declaration of Independence proclaiming the existence of the United States of America as a new nation.

100
Q

Patriot advantages

A

fought on their own ground; fought for the freedom of their own land unlike the mercenaries who Britain hired to fight; leader George Washington

101
Q

Patriot disadvantages

A

lacked a regular army and strong navy; inexperienced soldier; lacked weapons and ammunitio;

102
Q

British/Loyalist advantages

A

strongest navy in the world; experienced; well-trained army; wealth; larger population

103
Q

British/Loyalist disadvantages

A

waged war in a faraway land; forced to ship soldiers and supplies thousands of miles across the Atlanti

104
Q

African Americans in the war & join to fight

A

At the start of war, some slaves sided with Loyalists who promised freedom. At first, free African Americans were not allowed to fight, but after Congress lifted the ban, African Americans fought because they believed in the Patriot cause, needed money, or ran away from slave holders.

105
Q

British relationship with Native Americans

A

allies in the west; Natives sided with the British because the British seemed less of a threat than the Americans

106
Q

Battle of Saratoga

A

important victory for the Americans early on, helped convince the French to give aid to America

107
Q

Battle of Trenton

A

the “silent Christmas crossing” when Washington’s troops suprised the British in New Jersey and won a much needed victory to help keep support for the war

108
Q

Valley Forge

A

encampment where Continental Army got much needed training and learned to fight like a professional army though they experienced a lot of hardship

109
Q

Friedrich von Stueben

A

army officer who trained and drilled the Continental Army; wrote a training manual for the Army

110
Q

inflation

A

economic situation where it takes more money to buy the same amount of goods

111
Q

blockade

A

preventing ships from exiting or entering ports

112
Q

General Charles Cornwallis

A

British General in the South; captured Charles Town, but ultimatley surrendured at Yorktown giving victory to the United States

113
Q

guerilla warfare

A

hit-and-run technique of war

114
Q

Battle of Yorktown

A

final battle of the war; Americans won with the assistance of the French navy

115
Q

Treaty of Paris (1783)

A

Great Britain recognized the United States as an independent nation, British promised to withdraw troops, gave America territory up to the Mississippi River; America promised to repay war debts

116
Q

British turn their attention to the South

A

strategy to use support of Loyalists and British sea power to win; initially the plan worked, but later failed

117
Q

Articles of Confederation

A

America’s first constitution that created a weak central government and strong state governments

118
Q

weaknesses of Articles of Confederation

A

difficulty raising money/ couldn’t tax; difficulty passing laws/ states didn’t agree; difficulty protecting the nation/ couldn’t build an army

119
Q

Constitutional Convention

A

1787 meeting held in Philadelphia to rewrite the Articles of Confederation to include a stronger central government, but ended in the writing of a new Constititution

120
Q

Great Compromise

A

Between large population states and small population states; each state would get equal representation in the Upper House (Senate) AND representation based on population in the Lower House (House of Representatives)

121
Q

Three-Fifths Compromise

A

Between North and South; three-fifths of the slave population (three out of every five slaves) would count in determining a state’s representation

122
Q

Commece/ Slave Trade Compromise

A

Between North and South; Central government controls trade (N); No export tariffs (S); Import tariffs okay (N); No slaves imported after 1807 (N & S); Slaveholders could pursue runaway slaves across state lines (S)

123
Q

Federalism

A

sharing of power between federal (central) and state governments

124
Q

separation of powers

A

powers within the federal government are divided into three branches and each branch as a separate job; prevents any one branch from becoming too powerful

125
Q

Legislative Branch

A

(a.k.a. Congress); includes the House of Representatives and the Senate; main job is to make laws

126
Q

Executive Branch

A

headed by the President, and includes the Vice President; main job is to make sure the laws are followed

127
Q

Judicial Branch

A

includes the Supreme Court and lower federal courts; main job is to explain and interpret the law

128
Q

checks and balances

A

each branch of the federal government checks what the other branches are doing so that no one branch has more power than the others

129
Q

veto

A

the president can reject a law passed by Congress

130
Q

override

A

Congress can overrule a presidential veto with a two-thirds (2/3) vote

131
Q

impeachment

A

Congress can accuse the president of a crime

132
Q

Judicial Review

A

power of the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional

133
Q

Federalists

A

favored approval of the Constitution; wanted a strong national government

134
Q

Antifederalists

A

did not approve the Constitution; feared a strong national government so favored strong state governments

135
Q

Bill of Rights

A

first 10 amendments to the Constitution added in 1791 to protect the rights of American citizens and to limit the power of the federal government

N108 US History to 1900 Honors (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions