history test ch.11-12 Flashcards
First recognized Pope
pope Leo I
pope responsible for the two swords doctrine, which separated church and state
pope Gelasius I
First medieval Pope
pope Gregory I
Translated the Bible from Latin to English
John wycliffe
Followers of Peter of Bruis
petrobrusians
followers of Peter Waldo
waldensians
perched alone, a top a stone pillar for 37 years
simeon stylites
an Italian monk who founded a monastery at Monte Casino
benedict
The most dominant Germanic tribe after the collapse of the Roman empire
franks
was the first great Frankish leader, he professed his Christianity in 498
clovis
A line of Frankish King‘s, named for Clovis‘s grandfather Merovee
merovingians
“ the hammer”, most famous mayor of the palace
Charles martel
Muslims from North Africa
moors
Pepin the short started the ________ line of kings
carolingians
(French for Charles the great), greatest of the Carolingian Kings
charlemagne
Charlemagne’s only surviving son who inherited the crown
Louis the pious
Eastern invaders and Asian nomads who are called the scourge of Europe
magyars
A.k.a. Norsemen, German barbarians known for long ships
vikings
duke of Saxony, acted as king of Germany, (part of the Saxon line)
Henry the fowler
Emperor of the Romans, who started the holy Roman empire by forming an alliance with the church
Otto the great
Germany monarchy reached the peak of its power under _______
Henry IV
“ red beard” the first Hohenstaufen emperor
Frederick barbarossa
Barbosa’s grandson, wanted to expand his empire to southern Italy and clashes with the papacy
Frederick II
decreed that the pope should only be chosen by cardinals
pope Nicholas II
Nicholas II’s advisor
hildebrand
pope that was originally nicknamed Hildebrand
pope Gregory VII
The papacy reached his zenith of power and influence under ______
innocent III
Taxed the papacy 50% on the French clergy’s annual income (don’t have to know I don’t think)
Philip the fair
pope who said “every creature to be subject to Roman Church is altogether necessary for salvation”
Boniface VIII
where the countries of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway are located today
scandinavia
Important viking settlement in France
normandy
“empire” that Otto the Great “created”
holy Roman empire
place where the “other/ French” pope resided
avignon
overseer
bishop
The belief that apostolic authority could be passed on from leader to leader
apostolic succession
Idea that Christ founded his church on Peter and Peter passed on his position to the bishop of Rome
petrine theory
most important church
Roman Catholic church
supreme leader of the Roman church (papa)
pope
means grace, humanistic plan of salvation based on man’s works
sacraments
The Latin translation of the Bible
Latin vulgate
forbade anyone except a clergy man to possess a copy of the Bible; was done in 1229
council of toulouse
psalm book that Catholics were able to own
breviary
Practice of withdrawing from society to live in solitude
monasticism
- people who practice monasticism.
- women who practice monasticism.
- earliest monks who lived in the wilderness.
monk
nun
hermit
religious communities isolated from the rest of society
Monasteries
Monasteries for nuns
convents
- The religious rules of monasteries.
- The head of the monastery.
- orders
- abbot
A new kind of man who also preached and did missionary work outside the monastery
friar
The chief official of the merovingian household
mayor of the palace
considered the papal state; land won from the Lombard tribe by Pepin and gifted to the Roman church
donation of pepin
Charlemagne established the _______, or kings envoy
missi dominici
became the basis for modern handwriting
carolingian minuscule
small territories
duchy
the priests of the churches in Rome and other Italian cities
cardinals
A council in Rome, which sanctioned transubstantiation
fourth Lateran council
the pope and the cardinals came under the control of the French monarchy, and all the popes from 1305 until 1378 were French clergymen
Babylonian captivity of the papacy
Pope of Rome vs. Pope of Avignon
great schism
Issued the two swords doctrine
Pope Gelasius I
the two most prominent orders of friars and their founders
Franciscans (St. Francis of Assisi) & Dominicans (St. Dominic)
the year clovis and his warriors were baptized into the Roman church
498
the outcome of the battle of tours
Charles Martel won
the largest empire in the west since the Roman empire of the A.D. 300s
Charlemagne’s empire
the date charlemagne was crowned “emperor of the Romans”
800
Split Charlemagne’s empire
treaty of Verdun
- why did the church of Rome forbid the people to read the scriptures for themselves
- how did this policy make the middle ages the “dark ages”
j now this “concept”
Name for the Muslim’s
saracens
energetic monk “cheerleader for the 2nd crusade”
Bernard of clairvaux
leader of France, participated in the 2nd Crusade
Louis VII
leader of Germany, participated in the 2nd Crusade
Conrad III
sultan of Egypt
saladin
participated in the “Kings Crusade”
Richard I
most powerful banking company
medici
created “Thomism” the RCC really liked him
Thomas aquinas
used scriptural logic
William of Ockham
translated the Bible to English
John wycliffe
dean and headmaster of the university of prague, He was called to the council of constance & was burned at the stake
John huss
founded and organized the Brethren of the Common Life
Gerhard groote
reforming leader in Florence, Italy
savonarola
wrote divine comedy
dante
wrote canterbury tales
Geoffrey chaucer
“Father of Humanism”
petrarch
first great author of prose
boccacio
wrote the prince
Niccolo machiavelli
only book of lasting importance from the Italian Renaissance
The prince
greatly changed the art of painting, his paintings were inspired by the Bible, painted the Last Supper
giotto
called the Renaissance Man, painted the Mona Lisa
Leonardo da vinvi
a painter known for painting with a lot of color;
raphael
painted the Sistine Chapel, sculpted David and Moses
michelangelo
invented the printing press
Johann gutenberg
best wool comes from here
flanders
- land used in feudalism
- owner of the land
- “borrower” of the land
fief
lord
vassal
provided the heart of military force
knights
code of conduct for nights and nobles
chivalry
certain colorful and unique symbols, emblems, and designs displayed on armor, shields, and banners
heraldry
homes and fortresses
castle
- knights trying to knock each other off of the horses
- all day reenactment of battles
joust
tournament
place were serfs live
manor
those who worked the fields
serfs
the fields
demesne
- No fighting from Friday to Sunday (latter changed to Wednesday)
- priests denied sacraments to those who robbed the church
- truce of God
- peace of God
travels to certain holy cities people took to prove their piety
pilgrimages
“holy war”
crusade
The first crusade many poor people went to “war”
peasants’ crusade
thousands of children went to “war”
children’s crusades
- saleman’s seasonal communities turned into bustling towns
2.townspeople of 1
- burgs
- burghers
one of the “benefits” of the crusades, it created this “group” of people
middle class
international events where merchants came to trade
trade fairs
early form of trade unionism
guilds
first guild
Hanseatic league
architecture characterized by the use of thick, massive walls and small windows with rounded arches
romanesque
architecture with use of tall walls with many pointed windows
gothic
plague that swept through europe
black death
growing need for law & medicine led to the creation of _________
universities
- Grammar, rhetoric, & logic
- Arithmetic, music, geometry, & astronomy
trivium
quadrivium
an attempt to synthesis greek philosophy & Romanism
scholasticism
denied the totality of man’s sinful nature and his dependence upon God for everything
thomism
Wycliffe’s followers
lollards
John Huss’s followers
hussites
revived the interest in the humanities
Italian renaissance
subjects such as history, grammar, rhetoric, and poetry
humanites
intense interest in the subjects of the humanities
humanism
people who invested in the arts
patrons
Leonardo da Vinci was also known as the _________________
renaissance man
Johann Gutenberg
movable-type printing press
the first printed edition of the Bible
gutenberg Bible
the outcome of the official first crusade
it was successful
the outcome of the second crusade
accomplished nothing
the crusade that was called “the crusade of kings” and its results
Third crusade, secured pilgrimage rights
the results of the fourth crusade
resulted in the sacking of Constantinople
the first medieval university and its purpose
Salerno, study of medicine
the first two universities in england
Oxford, and Cambridge
John wycliffe’s title
Morning Star of the Reformation
