History of planning Flashcards
First national planning conference
1909, first national conference of planners held with the topic of City Planning and congestions relief. Benjamin Marsh arranged it.
First planning textbook / instruction below college level
Whackers Manual of the Plan of Chicago by Walter Moody. Adopted by Chicago Board of Education in 1912.
First major textbook on city planning
Carrying out the City Plan - authored by Flavel Shurtleff in 1914.
First planning organization
American City Planning Institute of Planners (ACIP). Established in 1917 by Fredrick Law Olmsted Jr., who was its first president. Renamed to the American Institute of Planners (AIP) in 1939. Forerunner of the American Institute of Certified Planners (AICP).
First planning journal/publication
City Planning - 1925. Published by the ACPI and the National Conference on City Planning. Predecessor to the current Journal of the American Planning Association.
ASPO
American Society of Planning Officials. Founded 1934. Later merged with the AIP to form the AICP (1978).
First planning code of ethics
Adopted by the AIP in 1971
First planning exam
First AIP membership exam introduced 1977
AICP
American Institute of Certified Planners. Created in 1978 after merger of AIP and ASPO.
Journal of Planning Education and Research
Created 1981 by the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning.
First land use zoning restrictions
Restrictions on location of noxious land uses passed in 1867 by City of San Francisco.
First local civic center
Created by City of Cleveland in 1903. Plan created by Daniel Burnham, John Carrere, and Arnold Brunner.
First City to adopt City Beautiful Principles
City of San Francisco in 1906. Plan developed by Daniel Burnham.
First town planning board
Hartford Connecticut in 1907
First metropolitan regional plan
Chicago Plan of 1909. Created by Daniel Burnham.
First full time municipal planner
Harland Bartholemew. Hired in 1914 by the planning commission of Newark, New Jersey.
First comprehensive zoning code.
New York adopted the first comprehensive zoning code in 1916. It was written by Edward Basset.
First regional planning commission
Formed by the city of Los Angeles in 1922.
Standard State Zoning Enabling Act
Issued by the U.S. Department of Commerce in 1924. Herbert Hoover.
First comprehensive plan
in 1925 the City of Cincinnati adopted a comprehensive plan created by Alfred Bettman and Ladislas Segoe.
Standard City Planning Enabling Act
Issued by the U.S. Department of Commerce in 1928. Herbert Hoover.
First U.S. National Planning Board
Created in 1933. Later renamed from National Planning Board to National Resources PLanning Board. Abolished in 1943.
First federally-supported public housing.
Constructed in 1934 in Cleveland. Note: First occupied federally-supported public housing was located in Atlanta.
First State to introduce Statewide Zoning.
Hawaii. Established in 1961. Amended in 1978.
Book: How The Other Half Lives
Written by Jacob Riis in 1890. Photography book showing the reality of tenement living. Its publication resulted in significant housing reform.
Book: Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform
Written by Ebenezer Howard in 1898. Initiated the Garden City movement
Book: Whackers Manual of the Plan of Chicago
Written by Walter Moody in 1912. It was the first planning subject matter book adopted at a pre-college level. Adopted at an 8th grade level in Chicago.
Book: Carrying out the City Plan
Written by Flavel Shurtleff in 1914. First major textbook on city planning.
Book: Cities in Evolution
Written by Patrick Geddes in 1915. Revolves around regional planning. Patrick Geddes is knows as the “father of regional planning””.
Book: Planning of the Modern City
Written by Nelson Lewis in 1916.
Book: Local Planning Administration
Written by Ladislav Segoe in 1941. This book was the first in the Green Book Series. The series was published by the International City/County management Association.
Book: Urban Land Use Planning
Written by F. Stuart Chapin in 1957. It became a commonly used urban planning textbook.
Book: Image of the City
Written by Kevin Lynch in 1960. Defines basic city concepts such as edges and nodes.
Book: The Death and Life of Great American Cities.
Written by Jane Jacobs in 1961. It provided a critical look at the planning of the time. Criticized urban renewal.
Book: Silent Spring
Written by Rachel Carson in 1962. Focused on environmental damage caused by the use of pesticides.
Book: The Urban General Plan
Written by T.J. Kent in 1964
Book: With Heritage So Rich
Written by Alfred Reins in 1966. Seminal book on historic preservation.
Book: Design with Nature
Written by Ian Mcharg in 1969. Focuses on conservation design using an overlay technique that became the basis for GIS>
The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces.
Written by William Whyte in 1980. Promotes the use of environmental psychology and sociology in urban design.
Charles Abrams
created the New York Housing Authority. In 1965 he published The City is the Frontier, a book that was highly critical of U.S. federal policies surrounding slum clearance, urban renewal, and public housing.
Thomas Adams
was an important planner during the Garden City movement. He was the secretary of the Garden City Association and became the first manager of Letchworth, U.K. He developed a number of garden suburbs in England and later went on to teach planning at MIT and Harvard.
Saul Alinsky
was an advocate of community organizing. Alinsky organized Chicago’s poor in the late 1930s and 1940s. In 1946, he published Reveille for Radicals, which encouraged those who were poor to become involved in American democracy. Later he published Rules for Radicals, which provided 13 rules for community organizing.
Sherry Arnstein
wrote “A Ladder of Citizen Participation” for the Journal of the American Planning Association in 1969. This article describes the levels of involvement by citizens depending on the form of participation utilized.
Daniel Burnham
Chicago architect and prominent proponent of the City Beautiful movement. He was the lead force behind the 1893 Columbian Exposition and later the 1909 Plan of Chicago. His most famous quote is “Make no little plans. They have no fire to stir men’s blood.”
Rachel Carson
wrote Silent Spring, an important book in environmental planning.
Robert Moses
transformed New York City’s public works from the 1930s through the 1950s. He expanded the state’s park system and built numerous parkways. He also built parks, playgrounds, highways, bridges, tunnels, and public housing.
John Nolen
designed Mariemont, Ohio and was a leading planner and landscape architect. He made substantial contributions including creating the first comprehensive plan in Florida, contributing to the park system in Madison, Wisconsin and designing Venice, Florida.
Frederick Law Olmsted, Sr.
considered the father of landscape architecture. He is responsible for many of the nation’s most important parks including Central and Prospect Parks in New York City, Niagra Reservation, and university campus landscapes. He was part of the design team for Riverside, IL, laid out in 1868.
Clarence Perry
developed the neighborhood unit concept which was implemented in Radburn, New Jersey. He was a key contributor to the 1929 Regional Survey of New York and its Environs.
Paolo Soleri
architect responsible for designing Arcosanti, an experimental utopian city in Arizona focused on minimizing the impact of development on the natural environment.
Clarence Stein
designed Sunnyside Gardens in Queens, NY, Radburn, NJ, and many other garden suburbs in the U.S. He was a major proponent of the garden city movement. He wrote New Town for America in 1951.
Rexford Tugwell
served as the head of the Resettlement Administration during the New Deal. He worked on the greenbelt cities program, which sought construction of new, self-sufficient cities. Tugwell was closely involved in the development of Arthurdale, West Virginia, a Resettlement Administration community. He later served on the New York City Planning Commission and served as governor of Puerto Rico.
Sir Raymond Unwin
English town planner and designer of Letchworth. He later lectured at the University of Birmingham in England and Columbia University. He wrote Town Planning in Practice, published in 1909.
Catherine Bauer Wurster
a founder of American housing policy. She worked to reform policy that was related to housing and city planning. She served as executive secretary of the Regional Planning Association of America. She wrote Modern Housing and was influential in the passage of the Housing Act of 1937.
City Beautiful Movement:
Response to ills of the late 1800s and early 1900s. U.S. cities were becoming places that had severe poverty, crime, and blight. Daniel Burnham was a leader in promoting this movement. beautiful city = virtuous lives.
Garden City Movement
In 1898, Ebenezer Howard wrote To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform. This book was later reissued in 1902 as Garden Cities of To-morrow. It explained the principles behind Garden City. After publishing the book he formed the Garden-City Association in England in 1899.
Garden City
self-contained, with a population of 32,000 and a land area of 6,000 acres. A Garden City would house 30,000 people on 1,000 acres, with remaining land and population in farming areas. Land ownership would be held by a corporation.
The City Efficient / City Scientific
reaction against the City Beautiful movement, which was seen as overly focused on beauty and not sufficiently concerned with matters of function and efficiency. The City Beautiful movement was openly denounced at the first planning conference in 1909.
The City Humane
arose in the 1930s following The Great Depression. It was primarily concerned with jobs and housing.
Resettlement Administration
Established by Roosevelt in 1935, during the Great Depression. This agency was responsible for the Greenbelt Towns Program
Greenbelt Towns Program
(or Green Towns Program). The Green Towns program developed three cities based on Howard’s ideas: Greendale, Wisconsin; Greenhills, Ohio; and Greenbelt, Maryland.
The City Functional
Movement developed during the 1940’s, coincident with the growth of the military and post-war industrialization. It emphasized administrative efficiency.
The Land Ordinance of 1785
provided for the rectangular land survey of the Old Northwest. The survey was completed following the end of the Revolutionary War and provided a systematic way to divide and distribute land to the public.
the Homestead Act
Passed by congress in 1862. provided 160 acres of land to settlers for a fee of $18 and a guarantee of five years of residence. 270 million acres (10% of US land area) was distributed.
The Morrill Act
- Colleges established throughout western states.
General Land Law Revision Act
- This Act provided the President of the United States with the power to create forest preserves by proclamation.
Forest Management Act
- allowed the Secretary of the Interior to manage forest preserves.
U.S. Reclamation Act
- It allowed the funds raised from the sale of public land in arid states to be used to construct water storage and irrigation systems.
Public Lands Commission
1903, President Theodore Roosevelt appointed this to propose rules for land development and management.
the Antiquities Act
- first law to provide federal protection for archaeological sites. The Act allowed for the designation of National Monuments.
the Resettlement Administration
- formed to carry out experiments in population resettlement and land reform. The result was the development of Greenbelt towns.
the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act
- commonly known as the GI Bill, guaranteed home loans to veterans. The result was the rapid development of suburbs.
The Chicago Plan
1909, developed by Daniel Burnham, was the first regional plan in the U.S. It focused on incorporating ideas from the City Beautiful movement, especially waterfront development, parks, and civic center spaces. It was criticized for failing to address issues like housing, poverty, and transportation efficiency. It did not foresee the looming impact of the automobile.
the Regional Plan for New York and Environs
Between 1922 and 1929. The plan focused on suburban development, highway construction, and suburban recreational facilities. Stein, Perry, and Mumford were involved in the creation of the plan.
