History Movements Flashcards
City Beautiful
Introduced on a large scale for the first time at the World’s Columbian Exposition in 1893 by Danie Burnham, the City Beautiful movement’s intent was to beautify cities, promote social order and encourage civic pride. 1900-1920s Three basic premises: 1. Beauty of public works projects that attract the wealthy makes pleasant the life of the poor, are accessible to all, and create unifying civic pride 2. Attraction of those with wealth creates a flow of money that filters down to all citizens 3. Creation of broad, tree-lined avenues brings light, air, and nature to the slum Demise: big business lost interest and there was increased awareness of corruption related to City Beautiful projects. Movement declined, but emphasis on physical site planning was internalized in planning efforts regulating the development of the suburbs. Burnham
City Efficient
The City Efficient movement focused on brining technical details of city planning (such as engineers, attorneys and others) forward rather than focusing on architects. The City Efficient movement also replaced the City Beautiful movement when resources needed to go to public works projects to support the automobile rather than civic buildings. 1920s standardization SSZEA - standard state zoning enabling act
City Functional
The City Functional movement was prominent in the 1940s. It focused on functionalism and administrative efficiency. 1940s Military/federal complex
City Humane & New Deal
The City Humane movement arose in the 1930s following The Great Depression. The purpose of the City Humane movement was to focus on jobs and housing. 1930s New Deal
Edge Cities (1991)
Joel Garreau, defined as a distinct place that was not anything like a city 30 years ago, that has at least 5M SF of leasable office space, 600K SF of retail, and more jobs than bedrooms. Edge cities are a phenomenon of the growth of the automobile. Edge cities were primarily residential or agricultural areas before, but have developed into areas with more businesses and jobs than residents. Tysons Corner, Virginia is one example of an edge city. The term edge cities was coined in 1991 by Joel Garreau in Edge City: Life on the New Frontier
Edgeless Cities (2002)
Dominant urban form with large, isolated, suburban office complexes that are not accessible by pedestrians or transit
Healthy Cities Movement
Goal of improving health and quality of life Characteristics include: Clean, safe physical environment Stable and sustainable ecosystem High degree of public participation Meeting basic needs for food, water, shelter, and work Vital economy Optimal levels of health care
New Towns
Developed from the Garden City Movement, New Towns were planned communities developed after World War II with a focus on moving the population away from the city into a new town. Examples of New Towns in the United States include Reston, Virginia and Columbia, Maryland. Other examples exist throughout Europe and Asia.
New Urbanism
Andres Duany, 1982 (also known as neotraditional design). Arising in the 1980’s, the New Urbanism movement focused on walkable neighborhoods, interconnected land uses, sustainability, and creating a sense of place. Seaside, Florida was constructed in 1981 as the first New Urbanist town.
Radiant City
Corbusier, 1920s, Large scale grid of arterial streets, superblocks composed of high-rise towers and individual zones for each use type. Dream city
Which of the following groups of planning philosophies came before the City Humane Movement? I. City Functional II. City Efficient III. City Beautiful IV. Public Health
The planning philosophies, City Efficient, City Beautiful, and Public Health came before the City Humane Movement. The City Humane Movement occurred in the 1930s. II, III, IV
Aaron Wildansky
“A budget may be characterized as a series of goals with price tags attached”. The Politics of the Budgetary Process (1964).
Public health planning movement
1800s Guarantee government involvement in public health and safety of the worker, such as plant safety, maximum hours, housing standards, light and air provisions Central Park First New York Tenement Housing Law of 1867 San Francisco Ordinance of 1867 Lost support in the 1920s due to strong economy
