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AICP RS > History General > Flashcards

History General Flashcards

1
Q

1893 World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago

A

Commemorated the 400th anniversary of the discovery of new world Jump started the urban planning profession Ran for six months and attracted almost half of the population living in the U.S.

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2
Q

1916 New York Zoning Resolution

A

Uses in zoning districts were cumulative.

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3
Q

Andres Duany

A

Advocate for new urbanism or neotraditional design

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4
Q

Birth of a Nation

A
  1. One of the very first widespread popular films in U.S. Portrayed KKK as heroic.
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5
Q

Buffalo Commons

A

Proposal that involves tearing down the farm fences in the Great Plains and replanting native grass and restore the buffalo

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6
Q

Carrying Out the City Plan

A

1914, Flavel Shurtleff First major textbook on city planning.

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7
Q

Columbian Exposition

A

Chicago 1893 - beginning of City Beautiful

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8
Q

Country Club Plaza

A
  1. First auto-oriented shopping center. Kensas City, Missouri.
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9
Q

Forest Hills Gardens

A

Olmsted Jr, 1911; Influenced Clarence Perry’s neighborhood unit concept

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10
Q

Garden City

A

The Garden City movement was an idea from Sir Ebenezer Howard in the late 1800s. The concept of this planned community of 32,000 people was that it would be self-contained with residential, industry and agriculture and then surrounded by green space. The cities would then be linked by roads and railways back to a center city. Letchworth, England was the first Garden City constructed beginning in 1903. 1920s Anti-urban, agrarian, romantic approach to the city based on sacredness of nature, the inherent immorality of the city, and a return to the pre-industrial village Radburn - first comprehensive suburban neighborhood design Ebenezer Howard

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11
Q

Great Society

A

Led by President Lyndon Johnson in the mid 1960s, The Great Society focused on programs that help eliminate poverty and racial injustice. Programs developed during this time addressed issues on education, poverty and transportation

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12
Q

Greenbelt towns

A

Gov’t sponsored towns based on Garden Cities in 1930s; Greenhills, OH; Greendale, WI; Greenbelt, MD

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13
Q

Joel Garreau

A

Wrote Edge Cities in 1991

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14
Q

Letchworth, England

A

1903, First English Garden City and a stimulus to the New Town movement in the US Greenbelt towns

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15
Q

Lexington and Fayette County, KY

A

1958 First urban growth boundary

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16
Q

Norman Krumholtz

A

Chief of Planning in Cleveland 1969-1979 (AICP code of ethics?); Strong proponent of equity planning (working to serve those with few, if any, choices including poor and minority residents; President of APA 1986-7

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17
Q

Park Forest, IL

A

1947-1947 construction; First privately financed planned community in the US. Elbert Peets and American Community Builders. 1949 First privately-financed planned community in the U.S. Built for returning WWII vets, similar to Levitt Town

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18
Q

Pierre L’Enfant

A

Radial design of Washington, DC

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19
Q

Promontory Point, Utah

A
  1. Connection between Central Pacific Railroad and Union Pacific Railroad marking completion of first transcontinental railway.
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20
Q

Pruitt-Igoe

A

St. Louis. Demolished in 1972. Highlighted failures of high-density public housing

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21
Q

Radburn, NJ

A

Stein and Wright, 1928; inspired by Howard’s Garden City concept; Forerunner of New Deal’s Greenbelt towns

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22
Q

Rational Planning Model (synoptic), associated with who?

A

Myerson and Banfield

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23
Q

Reston, VA

A
  1. Robert Simon Jr., planned residential community based on Garden City movement. Laid out 7 guiding principals of the community.
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24
Q

Riverside, IL

A

Olmsted SR and Vaux, Garden suburb w parks and greenways; First planned suburban community stressing rural as opposed to urban amenities. 1869 by Fredrick Law Olmsted SR & Calvert Vaux First planned community in US curvilinear streets

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25
Q

Robert Lang

A

Wrote Edgeless City in 2002

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26
Q

Rural by Design

A

Randall Arendt

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27
Q

Saul Alinsky

A

Rules for Radicals, Community Organizing, “Organization of organizations”. Advocate of community organizing. Alinsky organized Chicago’s poor in the late 1930s and 1940s. Back of the Yards movement. In 1946, he published Reveille for Radicals, which encouraged those who were poor to become involved in American democracy. Later he published Rules for Radicals, which provided 13 rules for community organizing.

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28
Q

Seaside, FL

A

New Urbanist planned community; Duany; traditional neighborhood design; construction began 1982

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29
Q

Sierra Club

A

The Sierra Club was founded in 1892. John Muir co-founded.

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30
Q

Silent Spring

A

Rachel Carson, published in 1962. This book focuses on the negative effects of pesticides on the environment.

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31
Q

Standard City Planning Enabling Act (1928)

A

Hoover, Dept of Commerce

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32
Q

Sunnyside Gardens, New York and Radburn, New Jersey

A

In 1924-28, Sunnyside Gardens, a planned neighborhood designed by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright, was built by the City Housing Corporation under Alexander Bing in Queens, New York. And in 1928 construction of Radburn, New Jersey, began. This Planned community was inspired by Howard’s Garden City concept and designed by Stein and Wright. It was a forerunner of the New Deal’s Greenbelt towns.

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33
Q

Tennessee Valley Authority established

A

1933

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34
Q

The Gold Line

A

The name of the new light rail line from Los Angeles to Pasadena

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35
Q

Urbanism as a Way of Life (1938)

A

Louis Wirth, promoted urbanism as the prevailing way of life in contemporary society, and that density has an effect on people’s behavior

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36
Q

Vieux Carre

A

New Orleans First historic preservation commission

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37
Q

Wacker’s Manual of the Plan of Chicago

A

1912, published by Walter Moody written by Charles Wacker Adopted as an eighth-grade textbook by the Chicago Board of Education. This is the first known formal instruction in city planning below the college level.

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38
Q

Welwyn, UK

A

Ebenezer Howard and Louis de Soissons. Garden City.

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39
Q

When was APA/AICP founded (merging of AIP and ASPO)?

A

1978

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40
Q

When/how/who Philadelphia planned?

A

William Penn, late 1600s, as rectangular grid with 4 public squares (now parks) and a town square

41
Q

When/how/who Savannah, George planned?

A

James Oglethorpe, 1733, central public square

42
Q

When/how/who Washington DC planned?

A

Pierre L’Enfant, 1701, radial streets over a gridiron pattern; Applied principles on monumental design

43
Q

With Heritage So Rich

A

Edited by Alfred Reins, published in 1966. This is a seminal book in historic preservation.

44
Q

Broadacre

A

Frank Lloyd Wright - utopian ideal of suburban living. 1 acre lots, auto-centric.

45
Q

Giambattista Nolli

A
  1. The Nolli map of Rome is first to use eagle eye view of city
46
Q

Alfred Bettman

A

1925, developed comprehensive plan for Cincinnati, the first American city to adopt a comprehensive plan; Defending zoning in Amber v Eucid. Alfred Bettman was the first president of ASPO. Alfred Bettman (1873-1945) was one of the key founders of modern urban planning. Zoning, as we know it today, can be attributed to his successful arguments before the U.S. Supreme Court, which resulted in the 1926 decision in favor of the Village of Euclid, Ohio versus Ambler Realty Company. The concept of the “Comprehensive Plan,” as used in most cities across the U.S., was in no small part due to the work of Bettman and Ladislas Segoe on the “Cincinnati Plan.” Communities of all sizes across the U.S. may also thank Bettman for his part in creating the “Capital Improvements Budget.”

47
Q

Allan Jacobs

A

Great Streets (1995) - analyzed quality and quantity of features that characterize great streets around the world. Wrote Making City Planning Work in 1985

48
Q

Benjamin Marsh

A

NY Congestion Exhibit. Social reformer.

49
Q

Benton McKaye

A

Proposed the Appalachain Trail

50
Q

Catherine Bauer Wurster

A

Founder of American housing policy. She worked to reform policy that was related to housing and city planning. She served as executive secretary of the Regional Planning Association of America. She wrote Modern Housing and was influential in the passage of the Housing Act of 1937.

51
Q

Charles Abrams

A

Created the New York Housing Authority. In 1965 he published The City is the Frontier, a book that provided harsh criticism to the U.S. federal policies surrounding slum clearance, urban renewal, and public housing.

52
Q

Christaller

A

Central Place Theory

53
Q

Cities in Evolution

A

Patrick Geddess, published in 1915. This book centers on regional planning.

54
Q

Cities in Transition

A

Include First Suburbs, Boom-Bust cities, and Legacy cities.

55
Q

Daniel Burnham

A

Father of City Planning. Columbian World Exposition (1893), Chicago Plan (1909); City beautiful movement; “Make no small plans”

56
Q

Design with Nature

A

Ian McHarg, published in 1969. This book focuses on conservation design.

57
Q

Edward Bassett

A

Father of Zoning

58
Q

Edward Bellamy

A

Looking Backward:2000-1887. 1888 Utopian socialist book sparking rise of socialism clubs in US.

59
Q

Elisabeth Herlihy

A

Comprehensive planning in Boston. First woman to join ACPI and considered expert planner.

60
Q

Father of Advocacy Planning

A

Davidoff

61
Q

Father of City Planning

A

Burnham

62
Q

Father of Modern Housing Code

A

Veiller

63
Q

Father of Regional Planning

A

Geddes

64
Q

Father of Zoning

A

Edward Bassett

65
Q

Frank Lloyd Wright

A

Wrote “Disappearing City” (1932) with utopian vision of Broadacre City (sprawling, decongested type of auto-oriented development; each house on one acre and with a car)

66
Q

Frederick Law Olmstead, Sr

A

Father of landscape architecture. He is responsible for many of the nation’s most important parks including Central and Prospect Parks in New York City, Niagra Reservation, and university campus landscapes. He was part of the design team for Riverside in 1868.

67
Q

Gautreaux

A

1976 in Chicago Allowed public housing residents and people on public housing waiting lists to use Section 8 vouchers to rent housing in suburbs Greater housing choice led to increase in educational and economic opportunities. 1976 housing voucher program for public housing residents to move to suburbs for better economic and educational opportunities

68
Q

Ian McHarg

A

Design with Nature (1969); environmentally conscious approach to land use; map overlay technique predecessor to GIS. Legal. Father of Modern Ecology

69
Q

Image of the City

A

Kevin Lynch, published in 1960. This book defines basic concepts within the city, such as edges and nodes.

70
Q

Jacob Riis

A

Children of the Poor

71
Q

James Rouse

A

Columbia, MD (1960s); Pioneered development of indoor shopping malls in the 1950s; Introduced festival marketplaces to dying downtowns (Faneuil Hall, Inner Harbor in Baltimore, South Street Seaport); Grandfather of Edward Norton. James Rouse was the developer that conceived of Columbia, Maryland. Rouse strongly believed in the new cities movement that by proper design blight could be eliminated.

72
Q

Jane Jacobs

A

Death and life of great American Cities

73
Q

Jean Gottman

A

Megalopolis discussed Washington DC and Boston MA

74
Q

John Nolen

A

New Towns for Old. Designed Mariemont, Ohio and was a leading planner and landscape architect. He made substantial contributions including creating the first comprehensive plan in Florida, contributing to the park system in Madison, Wisconsin and designing Venice, Florida.

75
Q

Kevin Lynch

A

Image of the City (1960); Showed which elements of the built environment are important to how people understand the layout of a place; Network of paths, edges, districts, nodes and landmarks contribute to the image of a city

76
Q

Lawrence Hawort

A

The Good City, which argued for a thoughtful approach to what actually makes a city good.

77
Q

Lawrence Veiller

A

Father of modern housing code. Lawrence Veiller is the father of the modern housing code. He was concerned with housing conditions for those who are low income. He produced a Tenement Exhibition with proposals for New York City. He went on to become secretary of the New York State Tenement House Commission and drafted the New York State Tenement House Act of 1901 that established basic housing laws - including fire exits and running water for bathrooms in every tenement.

78
Q

Louis deSoissons

A

Designed Welwyn in 1919 and 1934

79
Q

Mariemont, OH

A

John Nolen, 1923-1936; foreshadows New Urbanism (short blocks, mix of housing tenures). Constructed in 1923 and foreshadowed the New Urbanist movement

80
Q

Megalopolis

A

Jean Gottmann

81
Q

Paolo Soleri

A

Architect responsible for designing Arcosanti an experimental utopian city in Arizona focused on minimizing the impact of development on the natural environment.

82
Q

Patrick Geddes

A

Father of Regional Planning

83
Q

Paul Davidoff

A

Father of Advocacy planning

84
Q

Paul Lawrence

A

Responsible for Dunbar Apartments in 1930 which was funded by John D. Rockefeller Jr. in Harlem. A co-op for blacks with ownership after 23 years was 6 stories and 113 du/ac/ with 50% coverage

85
Q

Peter Calthorpe

A

Founded Congress for new urbanism; Transportation oriented design

86
Q

Rexford Tugwell

A

Served as the head of the Resettlement Administration during New Deal. Arthurdale, West Virginia Greenbelt, Maryland Greendale, Wisconsin Greenhills, Ohio He later served on the New York City Planning Commission and served as governor of Puerto Rico.

87
Q

Richard Babcock

A
  1. The Zoning Game. Critique of zoning legal framework. Recommends: 1. More specific procedures 2. Criteria to evaluate reasonableness of decisions 3. State level administration to review local zoning decisions
88
Q

Robert Moses

A

Transformed New York City’s public works from the 1930s through the 1950s. He expanded the state’s park system and built numerous parkways. He also built parks, playgrounds, highways, bridges, tunnels, and public housing

89
Q

Robert Weaver

A

Robert Weaver was HUD’s first Secretary and was the first African-American cabinet member.

90
Q

Sir Raymond Unwin

A

English town planner and designer of Letchworth. He later lectured at the University of Birmingham in England and Columbia University.

91
Q

The Death and Life of Great American Cities

A

Jane Jacobs, published in 1961. This book provided a critical look at planners and planning, with a special focus on the mistakes of urban renewal.

92
Q

The Geography of Nowhere

A

Written by James Kunstler, a book about suburban sprawl and its impact on American communities

93
Q

Thomas Adams

A

Important planner during the Garden City movement. He was the secretary of the Garden City Association and became the first manager of Letchworth. He developed a number of garden suburbs in England and later went on to teach planning at MIT and Harvard. prepared “The Regional Survey (Plan) of New York and Its Environs”, which was released in 1929.

94
Q

Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform

A

Ebenezer Howard, published in 1898. This book initiated the Garden City movement. Also wrote Garden Cities of Tomorrow

95
Q

Victor Gruen

A

Advocated for mixed-use. designer of the first outdoor pedestrian mall in the United States, the Kalamazoo Mall. Also designed Southdale Mall in Edina, Minnesota. Gruen’s book The heart of our cities: The urban crisis: diagnosis and cure was a big influence on Walt Disney’s city planning ambitions and his ideas for the original EPCOT.

96
Q

William H. Whyte

A

Also wrote The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces (1980)–what factors contribute to succesful urban spaces; Emphasized importance of env psychology and sociology in urban design

97
Q

Agrarian Philosophy

A

1800’s Thomas Jefferson Hector St. John de Crevecoeur Life rooted in agriculture is the most humanly valuable

98
Q

Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning published the first issue of The Journal of Planning Education and Research.

A

1981

AICP RS (15 decks)

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