History General Flashcards
1893 World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago
Commemorated the 400th anniversary of the discovery of new world Jump started the urban planning profession Ran for six months and attracted almost half of the population living in the U.S.
1916 New York Zoning Resolution
Uses in zoning districts were cumulative.
Andres Duany
Advocate for new urbanism or neotraditional design
Birth of a Nation
- One of the very first widespread popular films in U.S. Portrayed KKK as heroic.
Buffalo Commons
Proposal that involves tearing down the farm fences in the Great Plains and replanting native grass and restore the buffalo
Carrying Out the City Plan
1914, Flavel Shurtleff First major textbook on city planning.
Columbian Exposition
Chicago 1893 - beginning of City Beautiful
Country Club Plaza
- First auto-oriented shopping center. Kensas City, Missouri.
Forest Hills Gardens
Olmsted Jr, 1911; Influenced Clarence Perry’s neighborhood unit concept
Garden City
The Garden City movement was an idea from Sir Ebenezer Howard in the late 1800s. The concept of this planned community of 32,000 people was that it would be self-contained with residential, industry and agriculture and then surrounded by green space. The cities would then be linked by roads and railways back to a center city. Letchworth, England was the first Garden City constructed beginning in 1903. 1920s Anti-urban, agrarian, romantic approach to the city based on sacredness of nature, the inherent immorality of the city, and a return to the pre-industrial village Radburn - first comprehensive suburban neighborhood design Ebenezer Howard
Great Society
Led by President Lyndon Johnson in the mid 1960s, The Great Society focused on programs that help eliminate poverty and racial injustice. Programs developed during this time addressed issues on education, poverty and transportation
Greenbelt towns
Gov’t sponsored towns based on Garden Cities in 1930s; Greenhills, OH; Greendale, WI; Greenbelt, MD
Joel Garreau
Wrote Edge Cities in 1991
Letchworth, England
1903, First English Garden City and a stimulus to the New Town movement in the US Greenbelt towns
Lexington and Fayette County, KY
1958 First urban growth boundary
Norman Krumholtz
Chief of Planning in Cleveland 1969-1979 (AICP code of ethics?); Strong proponent of equity planning (working to serve those with few, if any, choices including poor and minority residents; President of APA 1986-7
Park Forest, IL
1947-1947 construction; First privately financed planned community in the US. Elbert Peets and American Community Builders. 1949 First privately-financed planned community in the U.S. Built for returning WWII vets, similar to Levitt Town
Pierre L’Enfant
Radial design of Washington, DC
Promontory Point, Utah
- Connection between Central Pacific Railroad and Union Pacific Railroad marking completion of first transcontinental railway.
Pruitt-Igoe
St. Louis. Demolished in 1972. Highlighted failures of high-density public housing
Radburn, NJ
Stein and Wright, 1928; inspired by Howard’s Garden City concept; Forerunner of New Deal’s Greenbelt towns
Rational Planning Model (synoptic), associated with who?
Myerson and Banfield
Reston, VA
- Robert Simon Jr., planned residential community based on Garden City movement. Laid out 7 guiding principals of the community.
Riverside, IL
Olmsted SR and Vaux, Garden suburb w parks and greenways; First planned suburban community stressing rural as opposed to urban amenities. 1869 by Fredrick Law Olmsted SR & Calvert Vaux First planned community in US curvilinear streets
Robert Lang
Wrote Edgeless City in 2002
Rural by Design
Randall Arendt
Saul Alinsky
Rules for Radicals, Community Organizing, “Organization of organizations”. Advocate of community organizing. Alinsky organized Chicago’s poor in the late 1930s and 1940s. Back of the Yards movement. In 1946, he published Reveille for Radicals, which encouraged those who were poor to become involved in American democracy. Later he published Rules for Radicals, which provided 13 rules for community organizing.
Seaside, FL
New Urbanist planned community; Duany; traditional neighborhood design; construction began 1982
Sierra Club
The Sierra Club was founded in 1892. John Muir co-founded.
Silent Spring
Rachel Carson, published in 1962. This book focuses on the negative effects of pesticides on the environment.
Standard City Planning Enabling Act (1928)
Hoover, Dept of Commerce
Sunnyside Gardens, New York and Radburn, New Jersey
In 1924-28, Sunnyside Gardens, a planned neighborhood designed by Clarence Stein and Henry Wright, was built by the City Housing Corporation under Alexander Bing in Queens, New York. And in 1928 construction of Radburn, New Jersey, began. This Planned community was inspired by Howard’s Garden City concept and designed by Stein and Wright. It was a forerunner of the New Deal’s Greenbelt towns.
Tennessee Valley Authority established
1933
The Gold Line
The name of the new light rail line from Los Angeles to Pasadena
Urbanism as a Way of Life (1938)
Louis Wirth, promoted urbanism as the prevailing way of life in contemporary society, and that density has an effect on people’s behavior
Vieux Carre
New Orleans First historic preservation commission
Wacker’s Manual of the Plan of Chicago
1912, published by Walter Moody written by Charles Wacker Adopted as an eighth-grade textbook by the Chicago Board of Education. This is the first known formal instruction in city planning below the college level.
Welwyn, UK
Ebenezer Howard and Louis de Soissons. Garden City.
When was APA/AICP founded (merging of AIP and ASPO)?
1978
When/how/who Philadelphia planned?
William Penn, late 1600s, as rectangular grid with 4 public squares (now parks) and a town square
When/how/who Savannah, George planned?
James Oglethorpe, 1733, central public square
When/how/who Washington DC planned?
Pierre L’Enfant, 1701, radial streets over a gridiron pattern; Applied principles on monumental design
With Heritage So Rich
Edited by Alfred Reins, published in 1966. This is a seminal book in historic preservation.
Broadacre
Frank Lloyd Wright - utopian ideal of suburban living. 1 acre lots, auto-centric.
Giambattista Nolli
- The Nolli map of Rome is first to use eagle eye view of city
Alfred Bettman
1925, developed comprehensive plan for Cincinnati, the first American city to adopt a comprehensive plan; Defending zoning in Amber v Eucid. Alfred Bettman was the first president of ASPO. Alfred Bettman (1873-1945) was one of the key founders of modern urban planning. Zoning, as we know it today, can be attributed to his successful arguments before the U.S. Supreme Court, which resulted in the 1926 decision in favor of the Village of Euclid, Ohio versus Ambler Realty Company. The concept of the “Comprehensive Plan,” as used in most cities across the U.S., was in no small part due to the work of Bettman and Ladislas Segoe on the “Cincinnati Plan.” Communities of all sizes across the U.S. may also thank Bettman for his part in creating the “Capital Improvements Budget.”
Allan Jacobs
Great Streets (1995) - analyzed quality and quantity of features that characterize great streets around the world. Wrote Making City Planning Work in 1985
Benjamin Marsh
NY Congestion Exhibit. Social reformer.
Benton McKaye
Proposed the Appalachain Trail
Catherine Bauer Wurster
Founder of American housing policy. She worked to reform policy that was related to housing and city planning. She served as executive secretary of the Regional Planning Association of America. She wrote Modern Housing and was influential in the passage of the Housing Act of 1937.
Charles Abrams
Created the New York Housing Authority. In 1965 he published The City is the Frontier, a book that provided harsh criticism to the U.S. federal policies surrounding slum clearance, urban renewal, and public housing.
Christaller
Central Place Theory
Cities in Evolution
Patrick Geddess, published in 1915. This book centers on regional planning.
Cities in Transition
Include First Suburbs, Boom-Bust cities, and Legacy cities.
Daniel Burnham
Father of City Planning. Columbian World Exposition (1893), Chicago Plan (1909); City beautiful movement; “Make no small plans”
Design with Nature
Ian McHarg, published in 1969. This book focuses on conservation design.
Edward Bassett
Father of Zoning
Edward Bellamy
Looking Backward:2000-1887. 1888 Utopian socialist book sparking rise of socialism clubs in US.
Elisabeth Herlihy
Comprehensive planning in Boston. First woman to join ACPI and considered expert planner.
Father of Advocacy Planning
Davidoff
Father of City Planning
Burnham
Father of Modern Housing Code
Veiller
Father of Regional Planning
Geddes
Father of Zoning
Edward Bassett
Frank Lloyd Wright
Wrote “Disappearing City” (1932) with utopian vision of Broadacre City (sprawling, decongested type of auto-oriented development; each house on one acre and with a car)
Frederick Law Olmstead, Sr
Father of landscape architecture. He is responsible for many of the nation’s most important parks including Central and Prospect Parks in New York City, Niagra Reservation, and university campus landscapes. He was part of the design team for Riverside in 1868.
Gautreaux
1976 in Chicago Allowed public housing residents and people on public housing waiting lists to use Section 8 vouchers to rent housing in suburbs Greater housing choice led to increase in educational and economic opportunities. 1976 housing voucher program for public housing residents to move to suburbs for better economic and educational opportunities
Ian McHarg
Design with Nature (1969); environmentally conscious approach to land use; map overlay technique predecessor to GIS. Legal. Father of Modern Ecology
Image of the City
Kevin Lynch, published in 1960. This book defines basic concepts within the city, such as edges and nodes.
Jacob Riis
Children of the Poor
James Rouse
Columbia, MD (1960s); Pioneered development of indoor shopping malls in the 1950s; Introduced festival marketplaces to dying downtowns (Faneuil Hall, Inner Harbor in Baltimore, South Street Seaport); Grandfather of Edward Norton. James Rouse was the developer that conceived of Columbia, Maryland. Rouse strongly believed in the new cities movement that by proper design blight could be eliminated.
Jane Jacobs
Death and life of great American Cities
Jean Gottman
Megalopolis discussed Washington DC and Boston MA
John Nolen
New Towns for Old. Designed Mariemont, Ohio and was a leading planner and landscape architect. He made substantial contributions including creating the first comprehensive plan in Florida, contributing to the park system in Madison, Wisconsin and designing Venice, Florida.
Kevin Lynch
Image of the City (1960); Showed which elements of the built environment are important to how people understand the layout of a place; Network of paths, edges, districts, nodes and landmarks contribute to the image of a city
Lawrence Hawort
The Good City, which argued for a thoughtful approach to what actually makes a city good.
Lawrence Veiller
Father of modern housing code. Lawrence Veiller is the father of the modern housing code. He was concerned with housing conditions for those who are low income. He produced a Tenement Exhibition with proposals for New York City. He went on to become secretary of the New York State Tenement House Commission and drafted the New York State Tenement House Act of 1901 that established basic housing laws - including fire exits and running water for bathrooms in every tenement.
Louis deSoissons
Designed Welwyn in 1919 and 1934
Mariemont, OH
John Nolen, 1923-1936; foreshadows New Urbanism (short blocks, mix of housing tenures). Constructed in 1923 and foreshadowed the New Urbanist movement
Megalopolis
Jean Gottmann
Paolo Soleri
Architect responsible for designing Arcosanti an experimental utopian city in Arizona focused on minimizing the impact of development on the natural environment.
Patrick Geddes
Father of Regional Planning
Paul Davidoff
Father of Advocacy planning
Paul Lawrence
Responsible for Dunbar Apartments in 1930 which was funded by John D. Rockefeller Jr. in Harlem. A co-op for blacks with ownership after 23 years was 6 stories and 113 du/ac/ with 50% coverage
Peter Calthorpe
Founded Congress for new urbanism; Transportation oriented design
Rexford Tugwell
Served as the head of the Resettlement Administration during New Deal. Arthurdale, West Virginia Greenbelt, Maryland Greendale, Wisconsin Greenhills, Ohio He later served on the New York City Planning Commission and served as governor of Puerto Rico.
Richard Babcock
- The Zoning Game. Critique of zoning legal framework. Recommends: 1. More specific procedures 2. Criteria to evaluate reasonableness of decisions 3. State level administration to review local zoning decisions
Robert Moses
Transformed New York City’s public works from the 1930s through the 1950s. He expanded the state’s park system and built numerous parkways. He also built parks, playgrounds, highways, bridges, tunnels, and public housing
Robert Weaver
Robert Weaver was HUD’s first Secretary and was the first African-American cabinet member.
Sir Raymond Unwin
English town planner and designer of Letchworth. He later lectured at the University of Birmingham in England and Columbia University.
The Death and Life of Great American Cities
Jane Jacobs, published in 1961. This book provided a critical look at planners and planning, with a special focus on the mistakes of urban renewal.
The Geography of Nowhere
Written by James Kunstler, a book about suburban sprawl and its impact on American communities
Thomas Adams
Important planner during the Garden City movement. He was the secretary of the Garden City Association and became the first manager of Letchworth. He developed a number of garden suburbs in England and later went on to teach planning at MIT and Harvard. prepared “The Regional Survey (Plan) of New York and Its Environs”, which was released in 1929.
Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform
Ebenezer Howard, published in 1898. This book initiated the Garden City movement. Also wrote Garden Cities of Tomorrow
Victor Gruen
Advocated for mixed-use. designer of the first outdoor pedestrian mall in the United States, the Kalamazoo Mall. Also designed Southdale Mall in Edina, Minnesota. Gruen’s book The heart of our cities: The urban crisis: diagnosis and cure was a big influence on Walt Disney’s city planning ambitions and his ideas for the original EPCOT.
William H. Whyte
Also wrote The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces (1980)–what factors contribute to succesful urban spaces; Emphasized importance of env psychology and sociology in urban design
Agrarian Philosophy
1800’s Thomas Jefferson Hector St. John de Crevecoeur Life rooted in agriculture is the most humanly valuable
Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning published the first issue of The Journal of Planning Education and Research.
1981
