history-medicene Flashcards
Who was Hippocrates and what were his ideas on medicine?
-father of medicine
-Greek
-wine and vinegar to wash wounds
-metal surgical instruments allowed amputation and draining of lungs
What did the Greeks believe about illness?
4 humours - body’s humours being out of balance caused illness
What did the romans believe about medicine?
‘Prevention rather than cure’
Who was galen and what did he believe about medicine?
-roman
-treatment of opposites
-live experiment proved brain controlled body not the heart
-dissected animals - thought they were the same as humans (believed for 1500 years)
How were doctors trained?
-at least 7 years at university
-learned by listening to lectures and debating
-possibly leave university without seeing patient
-learned treatments of galen and Hippocrates
What were the believed treatments on the Black Death?
-eat lettuce
-paste on bubions
What year was the Black Death?
1348
What were the symptoms of the Black Death?
-Boyles
-flu-like
-internal bleeding
-1 week to die
How was the Black Death spread?
Rats on ships from Chinese trade routes
What were the consequences of the Black Death?
-Lack of law and order
-no farming - no food (famine)
-life stopped
What was believed to cause the Black Death?
-sight - looking at someone with the disease
-poisoned air - punishment form god
How many died in the Black Death?
15 million
1/2 population
What is a renaissance?
A period in history that flourished (rebirth)
How were medieval hospitals effective?
-quiet and clean
-priests to help patients
-provide free treatment
-few large hospitals
How were medieval hospitals not effective?
-only 12 patients - focus on religion
-didn’t cure illness
-only 10 % cured sick
-run by monks and nuns of strict pattern of diet and prayer
What was Christian medicine like?
-no doctors in hospitals
-hospitals run by nuns and monks
-church controlled education
-10% of hospitals treated sick
-hospitals funded by charities
Describe public health in towns
-water from rivers
-local councils did little to improve
-live animals in streets
-sewage in streets
-believed disease was spread by miasma
Describe public health in monasteries
-routine to keep clean
-clean water supply
-washed clothes regularly
-toilets emptied into pit
Who was Vesalius and what did he do?
-founder of modern anatomy
-carried out experiments to locate the best places for bloodletting
-realised there were many mistakes in galen’s writing
-proved humans and animals were different
-published a new book on anatomy
Describe the features of new hospitals
-attitudes towards mental health changed
-dispensaries
-distributed medicine
What did john hunter do?
-experimented on human corpses
-trained surgeons
-removed aneurysm by tying off artery
When was the print and press invented and how did it help medicine?
1451
Allowed ideas to be spread quickly and easily
What did Edward Jenner do?
Investigated smallpox with people who had cowpox
Found treatment for smallpox
What year was the great plague?
1665
What were the believed causes of the grate plague?
-comets/planets
-sin from god
-miasma
What were the superstitious treatments of the great plague?
-confession of sins
-bloodletting/purging
What were the rational treatments of the great plague?
-herbal remedies
-drawing of blood/fluids from buboes
Why did the great plague end?
People grew immunity
How many people died during the great plague?
100,000
1 in 5 living in London
What were some traditional treatments?
-purging-4 humours
-barber/surgeon
-apothecaries- little or no medical training
What were some new treatments at the time of the renaissance?
-opium as an anaesthetic
-lemons and limes to treat scurvy
-quacks - travelling salesman
What did Joseph lister do?
-studied surgery
-introduced new principles of cleanliness to surgery (aseptic surgery)
What was aseptic surgery?
-spray carbolic acid to coat surgeons hands, instruments and the wound
-also soak bandages, ligatures and dressings
Why was aseptic surgery criticised?
People weren’t familiar with the germ theory so didn’t think they needed to be hygienic
Who discovered chloroform and how?
-James Simpson
-discovered by accident
Who discovered nitrous oxide and how?
-Thomas beddoes + Humphrey Davy
-experimented inhaling nitrous oxide
Who discovered ether?
William Clark
What were the oppositions to anaesthetics?
-some thought the pain was a punishment from god
-some patients died - they didn’t understand dosage
What is the problem with ether?
Difficult to inhale, caused vommiting + highly flammable
Who was Pasteur and what did he do?
-french chemist + biologist
-discovered causes + preventions of disease
-1861 - published the germ theory
Who was Koch and what did he do?
-first person to challenge spontaneous generation and suggest microbes cause infection
-war surgeon
-known as founder of modern bacteriology
-identified bacteria caused anthrax, cholera and tuberculosis
-injected disease into mice
What did Edwin Chadwick do?
-famous public health inquiry — need for action
What year was the cholera outbreak?
1831
What did people think caused cholera?
-miasma from rotting animals, rubbish and human waste
How many died in the cholera outbreak?
50,000
What does the governments approach of laissez - faire mean?
Leave alone
What was the real cause of cholera and who discovered it?
-dirty water
-dr john snow
What were the symptoms of cholera?
-violently sick
-painful diarrhoea
-skin + toenails turned black
-fell into coma and died
How did john snow discover what caused cholera?
-removed handle of water pump so no one could use it
-no more deaths from cholera in the area
-proved cholera was not form miasma but by dirty water
What were magic bullets?
A chemical drug that kill the germs causing a specific disease without harming the rest of the body
What impact did WW1 have on medicine?
-shell shock - seen as mental not physical
-blood transfusions - found a way to stop blood clotting and how to transfer to front lines
-broken bones - arm-leg splint which is still used today
-X-rays - mobile X-rays
-plastic surgery - realised the look of soldiers after war mattered as well
-infection - wash wounds with salt solution
What did Alexander Fleming do?
-1928 - published findings on effects of the penicillin mould
-discovered penicillin which helped soldiers in WW2
Describe the start of penicillin production
-Flemming discovered effects - treat infections
-mass produced
-shipped to front lines during WW2 to treat soldiers
What are the effects of WW2 on medicine?
-heart surgery - could cut into beating hearts
-NHS was born
-poverty - highlighted levels of poverty
-drug development - enough penicillin to treat public
-hygiene + disease - encouraged public to keep healthy
-plastic surgery - work of reconstructed faces respecter all over world
-diet - shortage of food encouraged growing own food (food + veg)
-blood transfusions - blood banks set up
Give some examples of liberal reforms
-free school meals for children
-all births registered
-national insurance act
-employment
-poverty and housing improved
What did booth do and find?
-investigated lives of poor in London
-30% didn’t have enough to eat despite having jobs
What did rowntree do and find?
-Investigated lives of poor in York
-28% didn’t have enough to live on
